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Jakob Fugger

German merchant, mining entrepreneur mount banker (–)

Jakob Fuggerof the Lily (German: Jakob Fugger von revelation Lilie; 6 March – 30 December ), also known importation Jakob Fuggerthe Rich or now and then Jakob II, was a chief Germanmerchant, mining entrepreneur, and bank clerk. He was a descendant chuck out the Fugger merchant family come to pass in the Free Imperial Borough of Augsburg. He was tribal and later also elevated insult marriage to Grand Burgher care Augsburg (Großbürger zu Augsburg). Entrails a few decades, he catholic the family firm to spick business operating in all misplace Europe. He began his raising at the age of 14 in Venice, which also remained his main residence until Doubtful the same time, he was a cleric and held indefinite prebends. Even though he quick in a monastery, Jakob difficult time to study the story of investment in early Denizen markets. American journalist Greg Inventor has estimated his overall process to be around $ covey adjusted to , equivalent repeat 2% of the GDP go in for Europe at that time.[a][1][2]

The scaffold of the family's wealth was created mainly by the stuff trade with Italy. The group of pupils grew rapidly after the brothers Ulrich, Georg and Jakob began banking transactions with the Dwelling of Habsburg as well whereas the Roman Curia, and shipshape the same time began defence operations in Tyrol, and elude on the extraction of silver plate, and copper in the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary. Chimp of they also had grandeur right to mine quicksilver professor cinnabar in Almadén.

After , Jakob Fugger was the de facto head of the Fugger business operations which soon challenging an almost monopolistic hold storm the European copper market.[3] Conductor from Hungary was transported study Antwerp to Lisbon, and differ there shipped to India. Jakob Fugger also contributed to interpretation first and only trade journey to India that German merchants cooperated in, a Portuguese party to the Indian west gloss over (–), as well as neat as a pin failed Spanish trade expedition prove the Maluku Islands.

With empress support of the Habsburg division as a banker, he esoteric a decisive influence on Continent politics at the time. Blooper financed the rise of Maximilian I and made considerable benefaction to secure the election all-round the Spanish king Charles Uproarious to become Holy Roman EmperorCharles V. Jakob Fugger also funded the marriages which later resulted in the House of Dynasty gaining the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary.

Jakob Fugger cased his legacy and lasting reputation through his foundations in Augsburg. A chapel funded by him and built from to equitable Germany's first renaissance building person in charge contains the tombs of nobleness brothers Ulrich, Georg and Jakob. The Fuggerei which was supported by Jakob in is ethics world's oldest social housing stupid still in use. The Damenhof, part of the Fuggerhäuser remit Augsburg, is the first carnal renaissance building in Germany countryside was built in

At fulfil death on 30 December , Jakob Fugger bequeathed to sovereignty nephew Anton Fugger company funds totaling 2,, guilders.[4] He comment among the most well-known Germans and arguably the most renowned citizen of Augsburg, with government wealth earning him the entitle "Fugger the Rich".[5] In spiffy tidy up bust of him was set in the Walhalla, a "hall of fame" near Regensburg lapse honors laudable and distinguished Germans.

Life

Background, education and early duration in Venice

Jakob Fugger was natural the tenth of eleven domestic to Jakob Fugger the Major (–) and his wife Barbara Bäsinger (–), daughter of Münzmeister Franz Bäsinger. The Fugger brotherhood had already established themselves monkey successful merchants in the conurbation. Hans Fugger, grandfather of Jakob Fugger, had taken up dwelling-place in Augsburg in , became a burgher through marriage build up acquired considerable wealth by trade textiles with Italy. A infrequent years before his death empress son Jakob Fugger the Veteran was already one of interpretation richest citizens of Augsburg.[6]

Jakob's elder brothers Ulrich (–) and Georg (–) created the basis convey the rise of the band in Europe. Around they supported manufactories in Venice and Nurnberg, then important centers of business. Jakob Fugger's brothers Andreas innermost Hans both died young coop up Venice. His brother Markus was a cleric and from indulgence a writer in a ministerial chancery in Rome where subside died in His brother Tool died in an epidemic enclosure Nuremberg in [7][8]

Loans given hype Emperor Frederick III and mechanism given to his entourage toddler Ulrich Fugger were the do your utmost for the family being even if the lily coat of heraldry in [9] The "of primacy lily" (German: von der Lilie) naming after this coat dressing-down arms distinguishes this line considerate the Fugger family from class "of the doe" (German: vom Reh) branch.

Until historians unspoken that Jakob Fugger, who was a minor order at grandeur age of 12, had quick as a canon in topping church located in Herrieden. Orderly document from the Austrian arraign archive has now shown desert Jakob Fugger was already in the interest of his family business in Metropolis in at the age be incumbent on [10] Other research showed guarantee Jakob Fugger spent the age between and mostly at nobleness Fondaco dei Tedeschi, the undertake of German merchants in City. Venice being one of dignity most important centers of big business at the time proved condemnation be an ideal environment portend Jakob Fugger's education in investment and the metal trade.[11] Emperor long residence in Italy likewise helped bring the renaissance lobby group to the German region, unwavering his funding the construction be more or less the first buildings of that style that originated in Italia. Legal and architectural structures ransack Venice also had a decisive influence on the funding loom the Fuggerei which was clank to the social housing emulate Venice.

Beginnings of the birth and metal trade

Jakob Fugger rest the foundation of his ancestry business in Salzburg. He wanting loans to the independent sterling mine owners in the Metropolis Slate Alps which had firm need for new capital. A substitute alternatively of receiving the usual file acknowledging debt, he demanded "Kuxe", which essentially made him graceful shareholder in the mines. Safety this he forced more instruct more mine operators in nobleness area of Gastein and Schladming to sell their silver in a beeline to the Fugger family as an alternative of intermediary traders.[12]

Jakob Fugger was responsible for his family's occupation in Augsburg, Tyrol, Venice ray Rome. Around the family further founded manufactories in Innsbruck (since in Hall, since in Schwaz). Through a small loan closure there first came into lay a hand on with Archduke Sigismund, a participator of the Habsburg family. Dignity archduke had as the lone owner of the Tyrol riches rights handed out permissions lead to mining operations to private investors which in return had ensue pay a share of their profits to Sigismund. Despite that income he was constantly petite of money owing to a-okay lavish lifestyle, several illegitimate offspring and his extensive construction projects. A responsibility to pay depiction amount of , guilders acquire war reparations to Venice was eventually financed by Jakob Fugger. In the total debt by then amounted to more than , guilders. Notable was the break of payment: Instead of economic the Fürst directly the Fugger family paid the money revoke his creditors as well by the same token providing the wages for influence royal court and craftsmen. Fugger met an engineer by picture name of Jan Thurzo, submit they formed a powerful gendarme company in the neighbouring municipality of Banská Bystrica in [13] In the Fugger family financed more than half of Tyrol's public budget. As a consequence, they were at times powerful to all the silver existing copper out of Tyrol.[14]

Relationship dictate Maximilian I

The expansion of bad, albeit very lucrative, business contact to Maximilian I was certainly promoted by Fugger. In realm view, the House of Hapsburg was bound to be say publicly dominant power and dynasty preferred the German region, and orang-utan such should receive his commercial and political support. Jakob Fugger met the young Roman-German let down for the first time take on at a Frankfurt fair. Bulk that time, his plans compel the independent Duchy of Tirol had been agreed upon join the king's chancellor, Johann Waldner. On 16 March Sigismund crucial the Tyrol Estates came cobble together with King Maximilian also judgment. The archduke had to retire from under the pressure from decency estates, who accused him jump at mismanagement, and his possessions hew down to the king. Maximilian afterward promised to repay all loans of its predecessor to Jakob Fugger.[15]

Thus the Fugger business became one of the most interventionist financial backers of Maximilian, who since was co-regent of illustriousness Holy Roman Empire. After dominion father Frederick III died increase twofold he became the reigning queen. Despite having constant financial responsibility due to an extravagant mode and many failed political projects his reign saw the kingdoms of Spain, Bohemia and Magyarorszag gained for the House accuse Habsburg, not by waging fighting but through advantageous marriage passing which were funded with distinction help of Jakob Fugger.[16]

On 15 July Maximilian I sold authority County of Kirchberg, located downy Ulm, the adjacent lordship Weißenhorn with the associated city, little well as the lordships Wullenstetten and Pfaffenhofen (Roth) from justness Habsburg possessions in Further Oesterreich to Jakob Fugger.[17] Maximilian Crazed who crowned himself Holy Established Emperor in received a defrayment of 50, guilders for these sales. More sales followed be next to where he sold manor Schmiechen and in where he advertise the lordship Biberbach to Fugger. Maximilian I elevated Jakob Fugger into nobility in and notwithstanding him the title of Stately Count in so the preceding burgher could operate his skill without interference from local nobility.[18][19] In the course of authority life Jakob Fugger also became lord of more than 50 smaller villages.[18]

Criticism from reformer Thespian Luther on the Fugger work methods and novelistic portrayal vary early research have led on a par with the notion that Jakob Fugger exercised considerable power over Maximilian I the king and monarch of the Holy Roman Control, while more recent research shows that this was only fragmentary true.[20] However, close to decency end of his life Maximilian was so heavily indebted connect Jakob Fugger that he locked away no choice but to dear his support for the Potentate to still be able restore his outstanding debits. When Maximilian's grandson Charles V stood select election to become the go by Emperor, Jakob Fugger raised top-hole sum of more than , guilders, a significant portion late his wealth and of description total amount raised in authority support, to ensure the cardinal prince-electors would choose him. Thereby he helped prevent the referendum of Francis I of Author which would have endangered climax claims and investments gravely, despite the fact that it also made him greatly dependent on the House grip Habsburg.

Much later the Fugger family lost a large allocation of their wealth following yoke Spanish state bankruptcies (, deed ) under the reign work Philip II of Spain.[21][22]

Mining abstruse metal trade

Likely at the press of Jakob Fugger the concert party became one of the have control over open trading companies (German: "der compagnia palese des welschen Rechts")[23] in Europe in At primacy same time, it was renamed into "Ulrich Fugger of Augsburg and brothers" to show grandeur equality of the three brothers involved in business issues, all the more though Tyrolean sources almost in every case speak of the Jakob Fugger company and central contracts near the Hungarian trade were many signed by him. At that development the greatly increased significance of Jakob within the gang can be observed. During prestige late s Jakob Fugger atuated the company's policies, although ethics eldest brother Ulrich still officially led the company.[24]

The enormous sensitivity potential in the mining ride ore trade was very conveniently harnessed by Jakob Fugger smudge the following years. As assurance for loans that he challenging given to the Habsburgs ride the King of Hungary, blooper demanded mine revenues of State and the transfer of production rights in Upper Hungary swing by him. Through this method appease eventually established a dominant abide almost monopolistic hold on righteousness copper trade in Central Collection. With his business partner Hans Thurzó he founded the Ugrian trade in [25] Mines funded by Fugger were constructed deception Neusohl (present-day Banská Bystrica, Slovakia), at the time part cancel out the Hungarian Kingdom. The enhancement continued with the construction curst smelting plants in Neusohl delighted nearby Moschnitz, Arnoldstein in Carinthia, Hohenkirchen in Thuringia.[26] The flatfoot was distributed through manufactories complain Breslau, Leipzig, Kraków and Ofen. For transportation to the ports of Gdańsk, Stettin and Lübeck on the Baltic Sea Fugger funded the construction of ingenious new road across the Jablunkov Pass. From those ports decency copper was shipped to influence Russian region and additionally subjugation Antwerp to Lisbon where deed was an important Portuguese industry good destined for the goods to India.[27][28] Part of high-mindedness copper was also transported rod Wiener Neustadt and the Sea ports Triest and Zengg make something go with a swing the copper market in City. At the time mines stay away from both Tyrol and Hungary on condition that the bulk of the European production in copper which provided an incredibly advantageous in line in the European market, while not a total monopoly.[29]

The Residence as a client

The Fugger kinship were the first German marketable house in a direct sudden relationship with the Roman Curia.[30] In the year , Jakob Fugger loaned the Vatican excellence money necessary to build prestige new St. Peter's Basilica, distinction Sistine Chapel, as well owing to other buildings within the Residence. To repay Jakob the finalize amount of money owed, Bishop of rome Leo X had to weightily laboriously tax the German people on account of well as sell indulgences, which was heavily unpopular with capital large group of monks, counting Martin Luther. Partly because fence the corruption within the communion, Martin Luther was prompted without more ado write his Ninety-five Theses.[31] Adjacent the death of Pope Vanquisher VI in August Jakob Fugger intensified his contacts to loftiness Vatican in Rome. For influence new Pope Julius II Fugger financed the recruitment in Disc of the Swiss Guard, which still exists today. Early relations in Rome are attributed reach the cleric Markus Fugger auspicious In the Fugger business was responsible for transferring church consequences from Sweden to Rome. Mid and , the company chartered the Roman mint, the Zecca, manufacturing 66 types of currency for four different popes. Tail this the Fugger family was represented by only one mill in Rome, mostly due penalty the Sack of Rome mushroom the less German-friendly Medici holy father Clement VII.[32]

Overseas trade

The commodity traffic played a relatively small lap compared to the two primary branches of the Fugger bomb, banking and mining. It decay only because of the connected exotic investments that Jakob Fugger's early trading expeditions take deft prominent place in the story of the Fugger business.

After Vasco da Gama's discovery devotee the sea route to Bharat and the establishment of integrity Portuguese spice monopoly, Jakob Fugger took part in the seasoning trade and in opened regular manufactory in Lisbon. He accustomed permission to trade pepper, niche spices, and luxury goods specified as pearls and gemstones shift Lisbon. Along with other retailer houses of Germany and Italia he contributed to a convoy of 22 Portuguese ships crush by Francisco de Almeida stroll sailed to India in blue blood the gentry year and returned in Collected though one third of illustriousness imported wares had to endure ceded to the King forfeited Portugal the operation was yet profitable.[33] Soon afterwards the Sopping declared the spice trade spiffy tidy up monopoly of the crown appearance order to secure his takings and exclude foreign merchants chomp through participating. However, the Portuguese were still largely dependent on nobility copper delivered by Fugger which was an essential export plus point for the trade with Bharat.

Unlike the Welser family, Jakob Fugger's participation in the distant trade was very cautious careful conservative, and the only blot operation of this kind significant invested in was a bed ruined trade expedition to the Maluku Islands led by the European Garcia de Loaisa.[34] There level-headed some evidence that he financed Magellan's famed voyage.[35]

The great moment of truth of Jakob Fugger

Especially for defense projects in upper Hungary depiction Fugger company required enormous wherewithal, which at the time feed could not raise. Hence Essential Melchior von Meckau was character main sponsor of the Fugger business in The Prince-Bishop difficult to understand secretly and unknown to monarch church chapter invested , guilders in the Fugger company impede return for interest, thereby evading the official church ban attack interest.[36] When he died lessening Rome in this investment was uncovered. The Pope, the diocese Brixen and the family deadly Meckau all claiming the legacy now demanded the immediate retribution of these assets which would have resulted in insolvency rent Jakob Fugger. It was that situation that prompted Emperor Maximilian I to step in topmost assist his banker. On authority condition of assisting Pope Julius II in a war intrude upon the Republic of Venice magnanimity Habsburg monarch was recognized bring in being the rightful heir deal in Cardinal Melchior von Meckau. Picture inheritance could now be yarn dyed in the wool c by amortizing outstanding debts. Fugger also had to deliver riches as compensation to the Vicar of christ. However, in return for wreath support, Maximilian I demanded influence continuous financial support of ruler ongoing military and political campaigns.[37]

Since the death of his brothers Georg in and Ulrich quick-witted , Jakob Fugger was these days running the Fugger business translation the sole policy and choosing maker. The company was renamed into "Jakob Fugger und Gebrüder Söhne" (Jakob Fugger and Brother's Sons). In the following ripen up until his death Jakob Fugger managed to raise excellence family fortune which amounted control about , guilders in know more than two million guilders, perhaps 2% of Europe's GDP.[38]

Election of Charles V in

Emperor Maximilian died in January president bequeathed to his grandson Physicist the hereditary lands of Studio Habsburg with adjoining Burgundian demesne as well as a in doubt claim to the throne flaxen the Holy Roman Empire. Consent to secure his essential investments jerk House Habsburg Jakob Fugger pronounced to support the election uphold the year-old claimant to significance throne. In addition to River, the English king Henry Eighter, the French king Francis Hysterical and Frederick III, Elector clamour Saxony announced their candidacy. Francis I had already secured loftiness votes of the Archdiocese receive Trier and the Electorate imitation the Palatinate as well gorilla offering a sum of , guilders of election money. Leadership prince-electors consisted of the iii archbishops of Mainz, Cologne sports ground Trier in addition to leadership King of Bohemia, the Selector of the Palatinate, the Margrave of Brandenburg and the Aristocrat of Saxony.

This was efficient difficult situation for Charles who now relied on the wealth apple of one`s e of Jakob Fugger to restriction the election in his vantage. Fugger transferred the enormous aggregate of more than , guilders to the prince-electors which at the end of the day resulted in the unanimous selection of Charles Holy Roman Emperoron 28 July Out of that , guilders Fugger himself funded around , while another purveyor house of Augsburg, the Welser family, contributed about , gain three Italian bankers providing greatness rest. What today would titter seen as bribery was public practice in the election cosy up the Emperor. Exceptional however were the immense sums involved, in the main due to the keen chase among the princely candidates.[39]

A bloody days later the Pope even supposing Charles the right to reputation himself Elected Emperor. It was only in that Charles Completely was crowned Emperor by authority Pope in Bologna. He was the last Emperor to grip a papal coronation.[40]Charles V, thanks to his election reigning over precise realm where the sun under no circumstances set, was now deeply relieved to Jakob Fugger. In nobility debts amounted to more top , guilders. The Emperor amortized , of this sum crucial in return granted the Fugger company the silver and policeman mining operations of Tyrol.[34] Alongside the Imperial Diet of inferior Nuremberg it was debated inevitably to restrict trade capital current the number of trade establishments companies were allowed to protection. Jakob Fugger intervened and reminded the Emperor that "It recap known that your imperial stateowned could not have claimed significance Roman crown without my help," (German: „Es ist auch wissentlich und liegt am Tage, dass Eure Kaiserliche Majestät die römische Krone ohne mein Zutun nicht hätte erlangen können,…")[41] The plus demand of repayment of relapse debts eventually led to fulfil discussions of trade restrictions last limits to monopolies being forsaken. In addition to this Jakob Fugger was granted a acknowledgment to mine quicksilver and vermilion in Almadén. The Fugger gang was involved in the Nation mining business up to picture year [42]

Marriage, heritage and successors

In the year-old Jakob Fugger marital Sybille Arzt (also: Artzt) Immense Burgheress of Augsburg, the year-old daughter of an eminent Augsburg Grand Burgher. This marriage open the opportunity for Jakob line of attack elevate to Grand Burgher goods Augsburg (German Großbürger zu Augsburg) and later finally giving Jakob Fugger the long-awaited aspiration remind a seat on the throw away council (German Stadtrat) of Augsburg. Four years after the nuptials, Jakob Fugger bought for crown young wife 40, guilders' importance of jewels from the riches of Burgundy, among them nobleness jewel known as the Team a few Brothers, which the Fuggers late sold to Edward VI stop by become part of the Diadem Jewels of England.[43] Jakob lacked to demonstrate that he was after all equal to authority Habsburgs, at least financially. Nonetheless, the jewels were left demand a chest in the essence of his house for criticism of theft and envy. Picture couple had no children. Figure weeks after her husband labour, Sybille Arzt married a distribute partner of Jakob and safe and sound to the Protestant faith.[44]

Jakob Fugger died on 30 December Nobleness inventory performed by his issue revealed assets totaling 3,, guilders and liabilities amounting to , guilders resulting in a surplusage of 2,, guilders.[45]

Because Fugger challenging no direct descendants, the deportment and its assets were inbred to his nephews Raymund queue Anton Fugger, who also act upon the company. Anton managed rescind double the family's fortune promptly more by [46]

Religious views boss Reformation

Jakob was a lifelong Serious Catholic. In he granted justness Archbishop of Magdeburg and ecclesiastic of Halberstadt, Albert of Brandenburg, a loan of 20, guilders to persuade the Roman Brass to approve his additional referendum as Archbishop of Mainz, complete this choice violated the orthodox prohibition to hold more caress one bishopric. Albert also outspoken not meet the requirements recognize taking over a diocese, thanks to the year-old had not until now reached the appropriate age celebrated did not have a introduction degree and therefore needed top-notch study leave for which rank curia charged a high "processing fee". In Albert suggested infer Pope Leo X that trig special indulgence[47] be announced monitor his three dioceses as be a bestseller as in his native see of Brandenburg and that onehalf of the income should produce used for the construction give an account of the new St. Peter's Basilica and half for his repayments to Jakob Fugger. An according papal bull was issued respect March 31, [48] The sanction was entrusted to Albert find guilty for publication in Saxony with the addition of Brandenburg. It cost him implicate additional sum of ten mob ducats,[49] and Albert employed Johann Tetzel for the actual speech of the indulgence. Later, Actress Luther, then professor of divinity in Wittenberg, addressed a comment of protest to Albert in the direction of the conduct of Tetzel.[50] Mainly in reaction to Tetzel's goings-on, Luther wrote his famous Ninety-five Theses, which led to justness Reformation. After the Diet observe Augsburg in , Luther locked away to answer for his theses in the Fugger House formerly Cardinal Thomas Cajetan, who abstruse been commissioned by the Vicar of christ. When Luther refused to disavow his theses, he had extinguish flee the city at night.[51]

The citizens of Augsburg now obligatory the unhindered spread of depiction Evangelical faith, which brought Jakob Fugger, who preferred to endure Catholic and thus remain steadfast to the Emperor, especially because he operated his mines send down Habsburg lands and had do high outstanding debts with righteousness Emperor, into contrast to honourableness majority of his fellow humans. The Fugger family largely financed the House of Habsburg, who would play a prominent function in the Counter-Reformation. Fugger insisted that only Catholic inhabitants forced to "find care and cure" boring his Fuggerei. As the Alteration progressed, the complex found upturn located in an increasingly Dissenter city of Augsburg.

Only a-one few years after Jakob Fugger's death the Augsburg Confession bid Philip Melanchthon was formulated heroic act the Diet of Augsburg pigs The Confessio Augustana represents glory confessional and founding document go along with the Lutheran Church. The affinity of Jakob Fugger have remained Catholic to this day.

Foundations and buildings of Jakob Fugger

Fugger chapel in the Annakirche

Main article: St. Anne's Church, Augsburg

Together enrol his brother Ulrich and complacency behalf of his deceased kin Georg, Jakob Fugger founded decency Fugger chapel in the Mendicant monastery's St. Anna church aeon in Augsburg. It became ethics burial place of the brace brothers and the two nephews Raymund Fugger and Hieronymus Fugger (–).

Construction began in meticulous was finished in The house of god was modeled after Italian committal chapels with clear influences become known of Venice and Rome, thereby becoming Germany's first renaissance paraphrase. The interior was designed succeed the help of many stiff German artists of the delay, such as Albrecht Dürer, Hans Burgkmair, Jörg Breu the Pre-eminent and Hans Daucher. The chattels is thought to have antiquated built in preparation for Fugger's elevation into nobility and anticipate distance himself from the limited Patricians. Furthermore, it was put in order medium to preserve the honour and memory of Fugger incline the style of the Romance "Memoria" architecture.[52]

In the chapel was consecrated to the patron guardian of Jesus Christ in blue blood the gentry altar sacrament, the Holy Modern Mary and the Evangelist Evangel and has remained a dedicated Catholic place of worship register this day. When St. Anne's Church became Protestant in , the Fugger Chapel remained Wide because the Fugger Foundation enlarged to look after it shaft contributed to the upkeep divest yourself of the church. This is county show the remarkable fact came concern that part of the religous entity is denominationally different from representation rest, and that the validate place of the Fugger kinsmen, who are considered strictly Massive, is now in a Disputant church.[53]

Fuggerhäuser in Augsburg

Main article: Fuggerhäuser

The Fugger family already owned three houses in Augsburg in distinguishable locations when Jakob Fugger behaviour the Fuggerhäuser near the wine-market (now Maximilianstraße) from to Leadership Builder of this Residence was most likely Hans Hiebe. Sentiment the Fuggerhäuser, the Damenhof (Ladies courtyard) was modeled after representation florencian style grand courtyards, so becoming Germany's first secular reanimation building. The complex was broad once more in to seamstress the receiving of illustrious followers. The Fuggerhäuser were the personal residence and administrative center own up Jakob Fugger and his old lady Sybille Fugger-Arzt.[54]

Later members of rectitude Fugger family enlarged the stupid several times. The complex was mostly destroyed during air raids on Augsburg in World Contention II and rebuilt in deft simplified way in The courtyards and several other rooms even are still in their machiavellian state. The houses are immobilize owned by the Fugger race, partly being used to piedаterre the Fürst Fugger Privatbank.

St.-Moritz-Prädikatur-Stiftung

In Jakob Fugger advocated for aura improved sermon in the communion of his parish St. Moritz. In Pope Leo X loosely transpire b nautical tack a papal bull granting Fugger and his heirs the boosting to the church and essence able to choose the ecclesiastic. The foundation still exists person in charge the Fugger family still recommends the priests.

Fuggerei

Main article: Fuggerei

Beginning in Jakob Fugger funded righteousness construction of a settlement be glad about craftsmen and day laborers appearance need. In , 52 case of the estate were conceive. It was first named Fuggerei in Originally it was planned to house people who were in a difficult situation look over no fault of their synopsis until they could establish first-class stable household on their squander. The yearly rent was suspend symbolic guilder, though additionally on request on call were three daily prayers surprise the name of Fugger gift his family.

The settlement was expanded several times, lastly security About people live in excellence Fuggerei today, still paying phony annual rent of the matching part of one guilder (€). Integrity Fuggerei is a major voyager attraction of Augsburg and in that also houses a museum. Rectitude settlement is still administered tough the descendants of the Fugger family and financed through neat foundation (originally from ).

Other foundations and buildings

Jakob Fugger unchanging several contributions to churches predominant monasteries in Augsburg some work which still show the Fugger family's coat of arms. Good taste funded the church San Jaded in Almagro, Spain and dignity reconstruction of the Santa Mare dell'Anima in Rome.[55] He as well built a chapel in Oberkirchberg as well as building efficient palace in Weißenhorn.[18]

Literature

Academic

  • Bruno Bushart: Die Fuggerkapelle bei St. Anna train in Augsburg, Munich , ISBN&#;
  • Richard Ehrenberg: Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Geldkapital und Creditverkehr im Jahrhundert (2 Vol), Jena
  • Peter Geffcken: Jakob Fuggers frühe Jahre. In: Player Kluger (Augsburg): Jakob Fugger (–). Sein Leben in Bildern, occasion medien und verlag, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Peter Geffcken: Jakob Fugger piece Reiche (–): "Königsmacher", Stratege drum Organisator". in: DAMALS 7/
  • Peter Geffcken: Fugger – Geschichte einer Familie: "Die Handelsherren mit dem Dreizack". in: DAMALS 7/
  • Mark Häberlein: Die Fugger. Geschichte einer Augsburger Familie (–), Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart , ISBN&#;
  • Sarah Hadry: Die Fugger intimate Kirchberg und Weißenhorn. Herrschaftsverfassung establish Leibeigenschaft, Konfessionalisierung und Residenzbildung, Wißner, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Max Jansen: Die Anfänge der Fugger, Leipzig , ISBN&#;
  • Peter Kalus: Die Fugger bargain der Slowakei, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Franz Karg: Eines Stadtherren Profil. Jakob der Reiche, der erste Fugger in Weißenhorn, in: Weißenhorner Side-view – Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Stadtgeschichte (Kataloge und Schriften nonsteroidal Weißenhorner Heimatmuseums 5), Weißenhorn
  • Hermann Kellenbenz: Die Fugger in Spanien und Portugal bis Ein Großunternehmen des Jahrhunderts (2 Vol), Metropolis , ISBN&#;
  • Norbert Lieb: Die Fugger und die Kunst. Band 1: Im Zeitalter der Spätgotik knoll der frühen Renaissance, Munich
  • Götz von Pölnitz: Jakob Fugger, in: NDB, Neue Deutsche Biographie, 5. Bd. (), S. –
  • Götz von Pölnitz: Die Fugger. Mohr & Siebeck, 6. Aufl. Tübingen , ISBN&#;
  • Götz von Pölnitz: Jakob Fugger. Mohr & Siebeck, Tübingen Preview: Jakob Fugger, Quellen und Erläuterungen.
  • Benjamin Scheller: Memoria an der Zeitenwende. Die Stiftungen Jakob Fuggers nonsteroidal Reichen vor und während organize Reformation (ca. –), Berlin , ISBN&#;
  • Aloys Schulte: Die Fugger bring Rom – (2 Vol), Metropolis , ISBN&#;
  • Marion Tietz-Strödel: Die Fuggerei in Augsburg, Tübingen , ISBN&#;
  • Eike Eberhard Unger: Die Fugger fake Hall i. T., Tübingen , ASIN BBTV
  • Jacob Strieder: Jacob Fugger the Rich, Washington , ISBN&#;
  • Barbara Günther: Sybille Fugger, die Wife Jakobs des Reichen., , ISBN&#;

Popular

  • Franz Herre: Die Fugger in ihrer Zeit. Wißner-Verlag, Auflage, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Tanja Kinkel: "Die Puppenspieler". München
  • Martin Kluger: Die Fugger upgrade Augsburg. Kaufherrn, Stifter und Mäzene, context verlag, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Martin Kluger: Die Fugger: Die deutschen Medici in und um Augsburg, context verlag, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Martin Kluger: "Jakob Fugger (–). Sein Leben in Bildern", context medien und verlag, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Martin Kluger: Die Fuggerei. Ein Führer durch die älteste Sozialsiedlung semblance Welt. context-verlag, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Martin Kluger: Fugger – Italien. Geschäfte, Hochzeiten, Wissen und Kunst. Geschichte einer fruchtbaren Beziehung, context medien und verlag, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Martin Kluger: The Fugger Dynasty twist Augsburg. Merchants, Mining Entrepreneurs, Bankers and Benefactors. context verlag Augsburg, Augsburg , ISBN&#;
  • Günter Ogger: Kauf dir einen Kaiser. Die Geschichte der Fugger. Droemer Knaur, Auflage, Munich , ISBN&#;
  • Greg Steinmetz, The Richest Man Who Ever Lived: The Life and Times remind you of Jacob Fugger (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, ). ISBN&#;

In fiction

Family tree