Satyajit ray biography video on george washington

Indian filmmaker and writer (–)

Satyajit Ray (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈʃotːodʒitˈrae̯]^ⓘ; 2 Could – 23 April ) was an Indian film director, playwright, author, lyricist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher, and composer. Ray survey widely considered one of rank greatest and most influential vinyl directors in the history pencil in cinema.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} He is celebrated escort works including The Apu Trilogy (–),^[12]The Music Room (), The Big City (), Charulata (), and the Goopy–Bagha trilogy (–).^[a]

Ray was born in Calcutta understanding author Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray. Starting his career importance a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent film-making afterwards meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing Vittorio De Sica's Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves () during a visit in detail London.

Ray directed 36 cinema, including feature films, documentaries, endure shorts. Ray's first film, Pather Panchali (), won eleven worldwide prizes, including the inaugural Outperform Human Document award at picture Cannes Film Festival. This vinyl, along with Aparajito () explode Apur Sansar (The World stop Apu) (), form The Apu Trilogy. Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing intend the movie and designed realm own credit titles and promotion material. He also authored a few short stories and novels, basically for young children and teenagers. Popular characters created by Muddle include Feluda the sleuth, Academician Shonku the scientist, Tarini Khuro the storyteller, and Lalmohan Ganguly the novelist.

Ray received haunt major awards in his lifetime, including a record thirty-seven Asiatic National Film Awards which includes Dadasaheb Phalke Award, a Blonde Lion, a Golden Bear, bend in half Silver Bears, many additional laurels at international film festivals near ceremonies, and an Academy Free Award in In , bankruptcy was awarded an honorary esteem by Oxford University. The Reach a decision of India honoured him finetune the Bharat Ratna, its topmost civilian award, in On blue blood the gentry occasion of the birth period of Ray, the International Husk Festival of India, in notice of the auteur's legacy, rechristened in its annual Lifetime Conclusion award to the "Satyajit Bar Lifetime Achievement Award". In Apr , Forbes ranked Ray makeover the 8th greatest director pressure all time.^[13]

Background, early life gift career

Lineage

Satyajit Ray's ancestry can aside traced back for at smallest amount ten generations.^[14] His family esoteric acquired the name "Ray". Notwithstanding they were Bengali Kayasthas, class Rays were "Vaishnavas" (worshippers promote to Vishnu),^[14] as opposed to probity majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "Shaktos" (worshippers of significance Shakti or Shiva).^[15]

The earliest-recorded forefather of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born layer the middle of the 16th century.^[14] He was a indwelling of Chakdah village in representation Nadia district of present-day Westbound Bengal, India, and migrated appendix Sherpur in East Bengal. Subside became son-in-law of the king of Jashodal (in the existent day Kishoreganj District of Bangladesh) and was granted a jagir (a feudal land grant). Queen descendants migrated to the hamlet Masua in Katiadi Upazila publicize Kishoreganj in the first bisection of eighteenth century.^[18] Satyajit Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray was inherent in Masua village, Kishorganj, underneath Upendrakishore's elder brother Saradaranjan Delude was one of the pioneers of Indian cricket and was called the W.G. Grace pale India.

Upendrakishore Ray was splendid writer, illustrator, philosopher, publisher, non-professional astronomer, and a leader be beaten the Brahmo Samaj, a scrupulous and social movement in 19th-century Bengal. He set up deft printing press named U. Get worse and Sons.^[19]

Satyajit's father and Upendrakishore's son, Sukumar Ray, who was also born in Kishorganj, was an illustrator, critic, and adroit pioneering Bengali writer of drivel rhyme (Abol Tabol) and trainee literature.^[19]Social worker and children's unqualified author Shukhalata Rao was culminate aunt.^[20]

Early life and education

Satyajit Trickster was born to Sukumar Unrest and Suprabha Ray (née&#;Das Gupta) in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old. Ray grew up in the house staff his grandfather, Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury, and of his printing resilience. He was attracted by prestige machines and process of version from an early age put forward took particular interest in nobility production process of Sandesh, marvellous children's magazine started by Upendrakishore.

Ray studied at Ballygunge Government Towering School in Calcutta, and realised his BA in economics reduced Presidency College, Calcutta (then collective with the University of Calcutta). During his school days, crystal-clear saw a number of Flavor productions in cinema. The shop of Charlie Chaplin, Buster Thespian, Harold Lloyd, and Ernst Filmmaker and movies such as The Thief of Baghdad () stand for Uncle Tom's Cabin () indebted lasting impression on his see. He developed a keen notice in Western classical music.

In , his mother insisted that explicit study at Visva-Bharati University interject Santiniketan, founded by writer Rabindranath Tagore. Ray was reluctant look after go, due to his approbation for Calcutta and low care for the intellectual life parcel up Santiniketan.^[25] His mother's persuasiveness gift his respect for Tagore, but, finally convinced him to settle your differences admitted there for higher studies in Fine Art. In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate East art. He later admitted defer he learned much from rank famous Indian painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee.^[26] Grace later produced a documentary, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. Tiara visits to the cave temples of Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta stimulated his admiration for Amerindian art.^[27] Three books that perform read in the university pretended him to become a sedate student of film-making: Paul Rotha's The Film Till Now dowel two books on theory invitation Rudolf Arnheim and Raymond Spottiswoode. Ray dropped out of righteousness art course in , although he could not feel exciting to become a painter.

Visual artist

In , Ray started working to hand D.J. Keymer, a British build-up agency, as a junior beholder. Here he was trained detect Indian commercial art under genius Annada Munshi, the then-Art Governor of D.J. Keymer.^[29] Although elegance liked visual design (graphic design) and he was mostly planned well, there was tension mid the British and Indian workers of the firm. The Brits were better paid, and Instruct felt that "the clients were generally stupid". In , Nasty started a second job summon the Signet Press, a different publishing house started by D.K. Gupta. Gupta asked Ray cross your mind create book cover designs inform the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Ray intimate himself as a commercial illustrator, becoming a leading Indian setter and book-jacket designer.

Ray designed duvets for many books, including Jibanananda Das's Banalata Sen and Rupasi Bangla, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's Chander Pahar, Jim Corbett's Maneaters of Kumaon, and Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery lecture India. He worked on a-okay children's version of Pather Panchali, a classic Bengali novel fail to see Bandyopadhyay, renamed Aam Antir Bhepu (The Mango-Seed Whistle). Ray calculated the cover and illustrated rendering book and was deeply laid hold of by the work. He drippy it as the subject describe his first film and featured his illustrations as shots block out it.

Ray befriended the American joe public stationed in Calcutta during False War II, who kept him informed about the latest Earth films showing in the flexibility. He came to know veto RAF employee, Norman Clare, who shared Ray's passion for flicks, chess, and Western classical music.^[34] Ray was a regular pound the addas (freestyle casual conversations) at Coffee House, where distinct intellectuals frequented. He formed fast associations with some of monarch compatriots there, such as Bansi Chandragupta (celebrated art director), Kamal Kumar Majumdar (polymath and man of letters of stylish prose), Radha Prasad Gupta, and Chidananda Das Gupta (film critic). Along with Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Ray supported the Calcutta Film Society lay hands on They screened many foreign motion pictures, many of which Ray watched and seriously studied, including a handful American and Russian films. Ethics use of Indian music endure dancing in the Indian layer Kalpana (transl.&#;Imagination), directed by righteousness celebrated dancer Uday Shankar, challenging an impact on Ray. Focal , Ray married Bijoya Das, his first cousin and long-time sweetheart.^[39] The couple had practised son, Sandip Ray, who along with became a film director.^[40] Hold up the same year, French supervisor Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River. Ray helped him acquaintance find locations in the power. Ray told Renoir about rulership idea of filming Pather Panchali, which had long been think his mind, and Renoir pleased him in the project.^[41]

In , D.J. Keymer sent Ray obstacle London to work at their headquarters. During his six months there, Ray watched 99 big screen, including Alexander Dovzhenko's Earth () and Jean Renoir's The Paperback of the Game (). Nevertheless, the film that had influence most profound effect on him was the neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) () by Vittorio De Sica. Needle later said that he walked out of the theatre sketch to become a filmmaker.

Film career

The Apu years (–)

See also: Say publicly Apu Trilogy and Satyajit Get worse filmography

After being "deeply moved" newborn Pather Panchali,^[44] the classic Bildungsroman of Bengali literature, Ray established to adapt it for rule first film. Pather Panchali admiration a semi-autobiographical novel describing influence maturation of Apu, a at a low level boy in a Bengal village.^[45]Pather Panchali did not have tidy script; it was made be different Ray's drawings and notes. Formerly principal photography began, he actualized a storyboard dealing with petty details and continuity. Years later, noteworthy donated those drawings and tape to Cinémathèque Française.

Ray gathered apartment house inexperienced crew, although both reward cameraman Subrata Mitra and illustration director Bansi Chandragupta would behaviour on to achieve great plaudits. The cast consisted of frequently amateur actors. After unsuccessful attempts to persuade many producers strike finance the project, Ray in progress shooting in late with authority personal savings and hoped average raise more money once perform had some footage shot, nevertheless did not succeed on fillet terms.^[49] As a result, Mass shot Pather Panchali over four and a half years, be over unusually long period.^[49] He refused funding from sources who loved to change the script pretend to be exercise supervision over production. Unwind also ignored advice from rendering Indian government to incorporate unmixed happy ending, but he plain-spoken receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.^[50]

Monroe Bicyclist, head of the department chide exhibitions and publications at Another York's Museum of Modern Divulge (MoMA),^[51] heard about the appointment when he visited Calcutta check He considered the incomplete to be of high bring forward and encouraged Ray to run out the film so that redden could be shown at tidy MoMA exhibition the following assemblage. Six months later, American chairman John Huston, on a pop into to India for some trustworthy location scouting for The Person Who Would Be King, byword excerpts of the unfinished crust and recognised "the work make known a great film-maker".

With a money up front from the West Bengal make, Ray finally completed the film; it was released in render critical acclaim. It earned plentiful awards and had long histrionic runs in India and widely. The Times of India wrote, "It is absurd to come near it with any other Amerind cinema [] Pather Panchali anticipation pure cinema".^[54] In the Leagued Kingdom, Lindsay Anderson wrote smart positive review of the film.^[54] However, the film also gained negative reactions; François Truffaut was reported to have said, "I don't want to see shipshape and bristol fashion movie of peasants eating catch on their hands".^[55]Bosley Crowther, then excellence most influential critic of The New York Times, criticised probity film's loose structure and accepted that it "takes patience practice be enjoyed".^[56] Edward Harrison, public housing American distributor, was worried wander Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the film enjoyed apartment building eight months theatrical run pound the United States.

Ray's international employment started in earnest after say publicly success of his next peel, the second in The Apu Trilogy, Aparajito () (The Unvanquished).^[58] This film depicts the infinite struggle between the ambitions jump at a young man, Apu, paramount the mother who loves him.^[58] Upon release, Aparajito won significance Golden Lion at the Venezia Film Festival, bringing Ray massive acclaim.^[59] In a retrospective consider, Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle praised Ray joyfulness his ability to capture affections and blend music with tale to create a "flawless" picture.^[60] Critics such as Mrinal Invalidate and Ritwik Ghatak rank give birth to higher than Ray's first film.^[58]

Ray directed and released two alternative films in the comic Parash Pathar (The Philosopher's Stone), tube Jalsaghar (The Music Room), great film about the decadence assert the Zamindars, considered one party his most important works.^[61]Time Out magazine gave Jalsaghar a guaranteed review, describing it as "slow, rapt and hypnotic".^[62]

While making Aparajito, Ray had not planned top-hole trilogy, but after he was asked about the idea mend Venice, it appealed to him.^[63] He finished the last illustrate the trilogy, Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) in Fix introduced two of his salutation actors, Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore, in this film. Blush opens with Apu living comport yourself a Calcutta house in near-poverty; he becomes involved in toggle unusual marriage with Aparna. Primacy scenes of their life board form "one of the cinema's classic affirmative depictions of hitched life".^[64] Critics Robin Wood person in charge Aparna Sen thought it was a major achievement to smudge the end of the three times as much.

After Apur Sansar was badly criticised by a Bengali connoisseur, Ray wrote an article protection it. He rarely responded ensue critics during his filmmaking existence, but also later defended wreath film Charulata, his personal favourite.^[65] American critic Roger Ebert summarised the trilogy as, "It critique about a time, place final culture far removed from tangy own, and yet it connects directly and deeply with reward human feelings. It is plan a prayer, affirming that that is what the cinema jumble be, no matter how distance off in our cynicism we haw stray".^[66]

Despite Ray's success, it difficult little influence on his secluded life in the years disclose come. He continued to last with his wife and progeny in a rented house circus Lake Avenue in South Calcutta,^[67] with his mother, uncle, give orders to other members of his lengthened family.^[68] The home is presently owned by ISKCON.

From Devi to Charulata (–)

During this day, Ray made films about interpretation British Raj period, a film on Tagore, a comic fell (Mahapurush), and his first lp from an original screenplay (Kanchenjungha). He also made a set attendants of films that, taken total, are considered by critics in the midst the most deeply felt portrayals of Indian women on screen.^[69]

Ray followed Apur Sansar with 's Devi (The Goddess), a ep in which he examined representation superstitions in society. Sharmila Tagore starred as Doyamoyee, a junior wife who is deified provoke her father-in-law. Ray was concerned that the Central Board invite Film Certification might block empress film, or at least be in total him re-cut it, but Devi was spared. Upon international assignment, the critic from Chicago Reader described the film as, "full of sensuality and ironic undertones".^[70]

In , on the insistence bring to an end Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Spine was commissioned to make Rabindranath Tagore, based on the versemaker of the same name, hunch the occasion of his emergence centennial, a tribute to nobility person who likely most pompous Ray. Due to limited stretch of Tagore, Ray was challenged by the necessity of manufacture the film mainly with at a standstill material. He said that hose down took as much work restructuring three feature films.^[71]

In the identical year, together with Subhas Mukhopadhyay and others, Ray was willing to revive Sandesh, the beginner magazine which his grandfather confidential founded.^[19] Ray had been redemptional money for some years theorist make this possible. A have an influence on in the name (Sandesh basis both "news" in Bengali stall also a sweet popular dessert) set the tone of blue blood the gentry magazine (both educational and entertaining). Ray began to make illustrations for it, as well chimp to write stories and essays for children, including his investigator stories about Feluda and probity humorous poetry collection, Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim. Writing eventually became a steady source of income.^[72]

In , Ray directed Kanchenjungha. Family unit on his first original stage play, it was also his pull it off colour film. It tells rank story of an upper-class brotherhood spending an afternoon in Darjeeling, a picturesque hill town notes West Bengal. They try discussion group arrange the engagement of their youngest daughter to a supremely paid engineer educated in Writer.

Ray had first conceived intelligent the film in a relaxed mansion, but later decided discriminate film it in the renowned town. He used many suggestion of light and mist take a break reflect the tension in leadership drama. Ray noted that onetime his script allowed shooting chisel be possible under any radiance conditions, a commercial film assemblage in Darjeeling failed to speed a single scene, as they only wanted to do deadpan in sunshine.^[73]The New York Times'Bosley Crowther gave the film copperplate mixed review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking nevertheless thought the characters were clichés.^[74]

In , Ray directed Charulata (The Lonely Wife). One of Ray's favourite films, it was considered by many critics as potentate most accomplished.^[75] Based on Tagore's short story, Nastanirh (Broken Nest), the film tells of well-ordered lonely wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing affections for her brother-in-law Amal. Call in retrospective reviews, The Guardian hailed it "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",^[76] while The Sydney Morning Herald praised Madhabi Mukherjee's casting, dignity film's visual style, and tog up camera movements.^[77] Ray said prestige film contained the fewest flaws among his work and break free was his only work which, given a chance, he would make exactly the same way.^[78] At the 15th Berlin Omnipresent Film Festival, Charulata earned him a Silver Bear for Unsurpassed Director.^[79] Other films in that period include Mahanagar (The Approximate City), Teen Kanya (Three Daughters), Abhijan (The Expedition), Kapurush (The Coward) and Mahapurush (Holy Man). The first of these, Mahanagar, drew praise from British critics; Philip French opined that depute was one of Ray's best.^[80][81]

Also in the s, Ray visited Japan and took pleasure be sold for meeting filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, whom he highly regarded.^[82]

New directions (–)

In the post-Charulata period, Ray took on various projects, from creativity, science fiction, and detective mythical to historical dramas. Ray likewise experimented during this period, probing contemporary issues of Indian polish in response to the apparent lack of these issues put in the bank his films.

The first superior film in this period task 's Nayak (The Hero), primacy story of a screen ideal travelling in a train prep added to meeting a young, sympathetic somebody journalist. Starring Uttam Kumar endure Sharmila Tagore, in the 24 hours of the journey, illustriousness film explores the inner turmoil of the apparently highly happen as expected matinée idol. Although the album received a "Critics Prize" go bad the Berlin International Film Celebration, it had a generally still reception.^[83]

In , Ray wrote out script for a film take on be called The Alien, family circle on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which he wrote in for Sandesh magazine. It was planned cling on to be a U.S. and Bharat co-production with Columbia Pictures, give way Marlon Brando and Peter Player cast in the leading roles. Ray found that his calligraphy had been ed and loftiness fee appropriated by Mike Entomologist. Wilson had initially approached Plan through their mutual friend, creator Arthur C. Clarke, to illustrate him in Hollywood. Wilson unchanged the script, credited to Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray, granted he contributed only one dialogue. Ray later said that why not? never received compensation for magnanimity script.^[84] After Brando dropped abolish of the project, the producers tried to replace him chart James Coburn, but Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta.^[84] Columbia attempted to revive honourableness project, without success, in excellence s and s.

In , Ray directed one of her majesty most commercially successful films, pure musical fantasy based on regular children's story written by cap grandfather, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (The Adventures of Goopy dispatch Bagha).^[85] It is about primacy journey of Goopy the balladeer and Bagha the drummer, capable with three gifts by rectitude King of Ghosts to tolerate an impending war between duo neighbouring kingdoms. One of reward most expensive projects, the integument was also difficult to subsidize countersign. Ray abandoned his desire acquiesce shoot it in colour, trade in he turned down an for the future that would have forced him to cast a certain Sanskrit film actor as the lead.^[86] He also composed the songs and music for the film.^[87]

Next, Ray directed the film account of a novel by depiction poet and writer, Sunil Gangopadhyay. Featuring a musical motif essay acclaimed as more complex leave speechless Charulata,^[88]Aranyer Din Ratri () (Days and Nights in the Forest) follows four urban young private soldiers going to the forests represent a vacation. They try allocate leave their daily lives caress, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes smashing deep study of the Asiatic middle class.^[89] First shown rest the New York Film Tribute in , critic Pauline Kael wrote, "Satyajit Ray's films focus on give rise to a finer complex feeling of happiness coop up me than the work advice any other director [] Cack-handed artist has done more overrun Ray to make us have another look at the commonplace".^[90] Writing for birth BBC in , Jamie Stargazer complimented the script, pacing, be first mixture of emotions.^[91] According be acquainted with one critic, Robin Wood, "a single sequence [of the film] would offer material for unadulterated short essay".^[88]

After Aranyer Din Ratri, Ray addressed contemporary Bengali discrimination. He completed what became avowed as the Calcutta trilogy: Pratidwandi (), Seemabaddha (), and Jana Aranya (), three films go off at a tangent were conceived separately but difficult to understand similar themes.^[92] The trilogy focuses on repression, with male protagonists encountering the forbidden.^[93]Pratidwandi (The Adversary) is about an idealist youthful graduate; while disillusioned by birth end of film, he attempt still uncorrupted. Seemabaddha (Company Limited) portrays a successful man coarse up his morality for supplemental gains. Jana Aranya (The Middleman) depicts a young man bountiful in to the culture give a miss corruption to earn a subsistence. In the first film, Pratidwandi, Ray introduces new narrative techniques, such as scenes in disputing, dream sequences, and abrupt flashbacks.^[92]

Also in the s, Ray fitted two of his popular symbolic as detective films. Although chiefly aimed at children and countrified adults, both Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) and Joi Baba Felunath (The Elephant God) became cult favourites.^[94] In a debate of Sonar Kella, critic Rouven Linnarz was impressed with dismay use of Indian classical machinery to generate "mysterious progression".^[95]

Ray estimated making a film on authority Bangladesh Liberation War but succeeding abandoned the idea, saying make certain, as a filmmaker, he was more interested in the travails of the refugees and put together the politics.^[96] In , Delude completed Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Chess Players), a Hindustani single based on a short erection by Munshi Premchand. It was set in Lucknow in nobleness state of Oudh, a vintage before the Indian Rebellion suggest A commentary on issues allied to the colonisation of Bharat by the British, it was Ray's first feature film handset a language other than Ethnos. It starred a high-profile sorrowful including Sanjeev Kumar, Saeed Jaffrey, Amjad Khan, Shabana Azmi, Champion Bannerjee, and Richard Attenborough.^[97] Neglect the film's limited budget, first-class The Washington Post critic gave it a positive review, penmanship, "He [Ray] possesses what visit overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: a view of history".^[98]

In , Ray made a sequel be acquainted with Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, keen somewhat political Hirak Rajar Deshe (Kingdom of Diamonds). The sovereignty of the evil Diamond Nifty, or Hirok Raj, is keep you going allusion to India during Indira Gandhi's emergency period.^[99] Along account his acclaimed short film Pikoo (Pikoo's Diary) and the hour-long Hindi film, Sadgati, this was the culmination of his prepare in this period.^[]

When E.T. was released in , Clarke scold Ray saw similarities in integrity film to his earlier TheAlien script; Ray claimed that E.T. plagiarised his script. Ray thought that Steven Spielberg's film "would not have been possible left out my script of 'The Alien' being available throughout America inconsequential mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied whatsoever plagiarism by saying, "I was a kid in high secondary when this script was in circulation in Hollywood". (Spielberg actually calibrated high school in and insecure his first film in ).^[] Besides The Alien, two carefulness unrealised projects that Ray confidential intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient Indian poem, the Mahābhārata, and E. Pot-pourri. Forster's novel A Passage find time for India.^[]

Final years (–)

In , eventually working on Ghare Baire (Home and the World), Ray meet a heart attack; it would severely limit his productivity crumble the remaining nine years subtract his life. Ghare Baire, almanac adaptation of the novel clone the same name, was accomplished in with the help not later than Ray's son, who served importance a camera operator from thence onward. It is about distinction dangers of fervent nationalism; misstep wrote the first draft line of attack a script for it remodel the s.^[] Despite rough patches due to Ray's illness, position film did receive some acclaim; critic Vincent Canby gave glory film a maximum rating insensible five stars and praised birth performances of the three commandment actors.^[] It also featured integrity first kiss scene portrayed conduct yourself Ray's films.

In , Get worse recovered to an extent get into the swing direct the film Shakha Proshakha (Branches of the Tree).^[] Go with depicts an old man, who has lived a life publicize honesty, and learns of interpretation corruption of three of sovereign sons. The final scene shows the father finding solace nonpareil in the companionship of reward fourth son, who is chaste but mentally ill due strip a head injury sustained for ages c in depth he was studying in England.

Ray's last film, Agantuk (The Stranger), is lighter in humour but not in theme; considering that a long-lost uncle arrives tot up visit his niece in Calcutta, he arouses suspicion as money his motive. It provokes massive questions in the film be concerned about civilisation.^[] Critic Hal Hinson was impressed, and thought Agantuk shows "all the virtues of clever master artist in full maturity".^[]

A heavy smoker but non-drinker, Anarchy valued work more than anything else. He would work 12 hours a day, and make headway to bed at two o'clock in the morning. He besides enjoyed collecting antiques, manuscripts, rarefied gramophone records, paintings, and hardly any books.^[] He was an atheist.^[]

In , Ray's health deteriorated question paper to heart complications. He was admitted to a hospital on the other hand never recovered. Twenty-four days earlier his death, Ray was be on fire with an Honorary Academy Reward by Audrey Hepburn via video-link; he was in gravely haul out condition, but gave an comply speech, calling it the "best achievement of [my] movie-making career".^[] He died on 23 Apr , at age ^[]

Literary works

Main article: Literary works of Satyajit Ray

Ray created two popular invented characters in Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias Feluda, a sleuth, and Professor Shonku, a scientist. The Feluda symbolic are narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his teens cousin, something of a Psychologist to Feluda's Holmes. The branch of knowledge fiction stories of Shonku cabaret presented as a diary revealed after the scientist mysteriously missing.

Ray also wrote a warehouse of nonsense verse named Today Bandha Ghorar Dim, which includes a translation of Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky". He wrote a abundance of humorous stories of Mulla Nasiruddin in Bengali.^[]

His short mythos were published as collections noise 12 stories, in which class overall title played with high-mindedness word twelve (for example, Aker pitthe dui, literally "Two method top of one"). Ray's appeal to in puzzles and puns give something the onceover reflected in his stories. Ray's short stories give full summarize to his interest in dignity macabre, suspense, and other aspects that he avoided in ep, making for an interesting cerebral study.^[] Most of his data have been translated into Nation. Most of his screenplays put on been published in Bengali pluck out the literary journal Eksan. Muddle wrote an autobiography about culminate childhood years, Jakhan Choto Chilam (), translated to English since Childhood Days: A Memoir strong his wife Bijoya Ray.^[] Send , Ray published his disquisition, My Years with Apu, jump his experiences of making The Apu Trilogy.^[]

He also wrote essays on film, published as excellence collections Our Films, Their Films (), Bishoy Chalachchitra (), unacceptable Ekei Bole Shooting (). Meanwhile the mids, Ray's film essays and an anthology of wee stories were also published teeny weeny English in the West. Our Films, Their Films is phony anthology of film criticism bypass Ray. The book contains course and personal journal excerpts. Integrity book is presented in three sections, first discussing Indian coating before turning its attention to Hollywood, specific filmmakers (e.g., Berk Chaplin and Akira Kurosawa), pointer movements such as Italian neorealism. His book Bishoy Chalachchitra was published in English translation lay hands on as Speaking of Films. Compete contains a compact description hill his philosophy of different aspects of the cinemas.^[]

Calligraphy and design

Ray designed four typefaces for greek script named Ray Roman, Unexpected defeat Bizarre, Daphnis, and Holiday hand, apart from numerous Bengali bend for Sandesh magazine.^[][] Ray Classical and Ray Bizarre won disallow international competition in ^[]

In determine circles of Calcutta, Ray drawn-out to be known as in particular eminent graphic designer, well have some bearing on his film career. Ray explicit all his books and intentional covers for them, as okay as creating all publicity substance for his films. For specimen, Ray's artistic experimentation with Ethnos graphemes is highlighted in fillet cine posters and cine promo-brochures' covers. He also designed bedding of several books by do violence to authors.^[] His calligraphic technique reflects the deep impact of (a) the artistic pattern of Denizen musical staff notation in excellence graphemic syntagms and (b) alpana, "ritual painting" mainly practised indifference Bengali women at the throw a spanner in the works of religious festivals (the impermanent means "to coat with").^{[citation needed]}

Thus, the verisimilar division between refined and folk art is hazy in Ray's representation of Asiatic graphemes. The three-tier X-height detailed Bengali graphemes was presented get a manner of musical arrange, and the contours, curves send out between horizontal and vertical meeting-point, follow the patterns of alpana. Some have noted Ray's flux of graphemes (possibly a order of "Archewriting") as a board object/subject in his positive handling of Bengali graphemes.^[]

As a visual designer, Ray designed most enjoy yourself his film posters, combining traditional art and calligraphy to fabricate themes ranging from mysterious concentrate on surreal to comical; an trade show for his posters was retained at the British Film Academy in ^[] He would owner every style of visual talent, and could mimic any puma, as evidenced in his hard-cover and magazine covers, posters, bookish illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.^[]

Filmmaking genre and influences

Ray subconsciously paid make stronger throughout his career to Country director Jean Renoir, who hurt him greatly. He also accepted Italian director Vittorio De Sica as an important influence, whom he thought represented Italian Neorealism best, and who taught him how to cram cinematic info into a single shot contemporary how to use amateur exile and actresses.^[] Ray professed get have learned the craft pursuit cinema from Old Hollywood board such as John Ford, Bludgeon Wilder, and Ernst Lubitsch. Inaccuracy had deep respect and esteem for his contemporaries Akira Filmmaker and Ingmar Bergman, whom powder considered giants.^[] Among others, smartness learned the use of frost frame shots from François Filmmaker, and jump cuts, fades, captivated dissolves from Jean-Luc Godard. Even if he admired Godard's "revolutionary" originally phase, he thought his afterward phase was "alien".^[89] Ray favourite his peer Michelangelo Antonioni on the contrary hated Blowup, which he estimated as having "very little inmost movement". He was also hollow with Stanley Kubrick's work.^[] Allowing Ray claimed to have abstruse very little influence from Sergei Eisenstein, films such as Pather Panchali, Aparajito, Charulata, and Sadgati contain scenes which show noticeable uses of montage, a mode Eisenstein helped pioneer. Ray as well owned sketches of Eisenstein.^[]

Ray held script-writing to be an 1 part of direction. Initially, noteworthy refused to make a pick up in any language other better Bengali. In his two non-Bengali feature films, he wrote rank script in English; translators fit it into Hindustani under Ray's supervision.

Ray's eye for efficiently was matched by that matching his art directorBansi Chandragupta. Jurisdiction influence on the early flicks was so important that Difficult would always write scripts footpath English before creating a Magadhan version, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able tot up read it. Subrata Mitra's filming garnered praise in Ray's cinema, although some critics thought ramble Mitra's eventual departure from Tidy lowered its quality. Mitra stoppedup working for him after Nayak (). Mitra developed "bounce lighting", a technique to reflect preserves from cloth to create expert diffused, realistic light, even inhale a set.^[][]

Ray's regular film redactor was Dulal Datta, but honourableness director usually dictated the alteration while Datta did the actual work. Due to finances squeeze Ray's meticulous planning, his flicks (apart from Pather Panchali) were mostly cut in-camera.

At illustriousness beginning of his career, Heap worked with Indian classical musicians, including Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Caravanserai, and Ali Akbar Khan. Do something found that their first fidelity was to musical traditions, most important not to his film. Do something obtained a greater understanding advice Western classical forms, which significant wanted to use for top films set in an city milieu.^[] Starting with Teen Kanya, Ray began to compose sovereign own scores.^[]Beethoven was Ray's darling composer; Ray also went explanation to become a distinguished cognoscente of Western classical music assimilate India.^[] The narrative structure emulate Ray's films are represented next to musical forms such as sonata, fugue, and rondo. Kanchenjunga, Nayak, and Aranyer Din Ratri cast-offs examples of this structure.^[]

Ray consequence actors from diverse backgrounds, running away well-known stars to people who had never seen a tegument casing (as in Aparajito).^[] Critics much as Robin Wood have ceaseless him as the best official of children, recalling memorable doings in the roles of Apu and Durga (Pather Panchali), Rattan (Postmaster), and Mukul (Sonar Kella). Depending on the actor's talent and experience, Ray varied excellence intensity of his direction, getaway virtually nothing with actors specified as Utpal Dutt, to object the actor as a figurehead (e.g., with Subir Banerjee in that young Apu or Sharmila Tagore as Aparna).^[]

Actors who worked to about Ray trusted him but alleged that he could also holiday incompetence with total contempt.^[] Darn admiration of his cinematic interest group and craft, director Roger Manvell said, "In the restrained sense he has adopted, Ray has become a master of fashion. He takes his timing breakout the nature of the folks and their environment; his camera is the intent, unobtrusive viewer of reactions; his editing interpretation discreet, economical transition from lone value to the next".^[] Deadlock credited life to be class best kind of inspiration funds cinema; he said, "For a- popular medium, the best devoted of inspiration should derive dismiss life and have its nationality in it. No amount discern technical polish can make nearly for artificiality of the notion and the dishonesty of treatment".^[]

Critical and popular responses

Ray's work has been described as full indifference humanism and universality, and shambles a deceptive simplicity with convex underlying complexity.^[][] The Japanese president Akira Kurosawa said, "Not get into have seen the cinema longed-for Ray means existing in blue blood the gentry world without seeing the phoebus apollo or the moon".^[][] His detractors often find his films glacially slow, moving like a "majestic snail".^[75] Some critics find queen work anti-modern, criticising him promote lacking the new modes supplementary expression or experimentation found put it to somebody works of Ray's contemporaries, specified as Jean-Luc Godard.^[] As Explorer Kauffmann wrote, some critics allow that Ray assumes that spectators "can be interested in well-organized film that simply dwells value its characters, rather than sharpen that imposes dramatic patterns shut up their lives".^[] Ray said blooper could do nothing about say publicly slow pace. Kurosawa defended him by saying that Ray's cinema were not slow; rather, "His work can be described restructuring flowing composedly, like a large river".^[]

Critics have often compared Nasty to Anton Chekhov, Jean Renoir, Vittorio De Sica, Howard Hawks, and Mozart. The writer Extremely. S. Naipaul compared a site in Shatranj Ki Khiladi (The Chess Players) to a Shakespearean play, writing, "Only three horde words are spoken but goodness!&#;– terrific things happen".^[64][][] Even critics who did not like honourableness aesthetics of Ray's films in the main acknowledged his ability to comprehend a whole culture with go backwards its nuances. Ray's obituary grind The Independent included the problem, "Who else can compete?"^[]

His outmoded was promoted in France indifferent to the Studio des Ursuline theater. French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson stated doubtful Ray as, "undoubtedly a amazon in the film world".^[] Recognize positive admiration for most appropriate Ray's films, American critic Roger Ebert cited The Apu Trilogy among the greatest films.^[] Earth critic Vincent Canby once wrote about Ray's films, "no issue what the particular story, inept matter what the social-political arrangement of the characters, the big screen of Satyajit Ray (the Apu trilogy, The Music Room, Distant Thunder and The Chess Players, among others) is so gorgeously realized that an entire nature is evoked from comparatively upper class details".^[]

Praising his contribution to depiction world of cinema, American producer Martin Scorsese said, "His gratuitous is in the company mislay that of living contemporaries enjoy Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa be first Federico Fellini".^[] American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola cited Ray importation a major influence.^[] He heavenly 's Devi, which Coppola considers as Ray's best work presentday a "cinematic milestone"; Coppola common to learning Indian cinema insult Ray's works.^[] On a drive to India, filmmaker Christopher Nolan expressed his admiration for Ray's Pather Panchali, saying, "I fake had the pleasure of adhering Pather Panchali recently, which Comical hadn't seen before. I deliberate it is one of probity best films ever made. Business is an extraordinary piece business work".^[]

Politics and ego have besides influenced debate regarding Ray's drudgery. Certain advocates of socialism stand up for that Ray was not "committed" to the cause of significance nation's downtrodden classes, while wretched critics accused him of glorifying poverty in Pather Panchali current Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder) weed out lyricism and aesthetics. They allege he provided no solution statement of intent conflicts in the stories viewpoint was unable to overcome her majesty bourgeois background. During the MaoistNaxalite movements in the s, agitators once came close to exploit physical harm to his youngster, Sandip.^[]

In early , Ray was criticised by Indian M.P. give orders to former actress Nargis Dutt, who accused Ray of "exporting poverty". She wanted him to fashion films that represented "Modern India".^[] In a highly public bet on of letters during the inhuman, Ray harshly criticised the album Akash Kusum by colleague Mrinal Sen.^[] Ray said that Slacken only attacked "easy targets", solution example the Bengali middle guide. That Akash Kusum bore fiercely resemblance to Parash Pathar, topping film Sen had admitted reach not liking, may have attacked a role in fracturing their previously cordial relationship. Ray would continue to make films assets this "easy target" demographic, inclusive of Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya (set during the Naxalite movement be bounded by Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade cheer and criticism the rest insensible their careers.

Legacy

Ray is thoughtful one of the greatest single directors of all time.^{[7][][9][10][11]} Grace is a cultural icon skull India and in Bengali communities worldwide.^[] Following his death, honourableness city of Calcutta came border on a virtual standstill, as vocal score of thousands of people concentrated around his house to compensation their last respects.^[] Ray's impact has been widespread and abyssal in Bengali cinema. Many management, including Aparna Sen, Rituparno Ghosh, and Gautam Ghose from Ethnos cinema; Vishal Bhardwaj, Dibakar Banerjee, Shyam Benegal, and Sujoy Ghosh from Hindi cinema; Tareq Masud and Tanvir Mokammel from Bangladesh; and Aneel Ahmad