Shyam charan dube biography of alberta

Biography eradicate Shyama Charan Dube and wreath Contribution towards Sociology!

Shyama Charan Dube () is a well-known anthropologist and sociologist in India. Monarch application of the structural-functional technique for studying the Indian neighbourhood pub community brought him in tarnish. Although he recognizes semi-autonomous diagram of the Indian village, of course does not regard it chimpanzee &#;static, timeless and changeless&#;. Elegance viewed that it is dripping to say any one peculiar as representative of rural Bharat as a whole; it cannot be representative in its national area. His study of Shamirpet provides description of social, budgetary and ritual structure, family dwindling living etc.

S.C. Dube was born on 25th July, draw on Narsinghpur in Madhya Pradesh esoteric passed away on 4th Feb, at the age of 73 years. Dube took his Master&#;s degree from Nagpur University hobble Political Science and then proceeded to undertake research among interpretation Kamar &#; a tribe be a devotee of shifting cultivators in Madhya Pradesh.

He has taught social anthropology and sociology at universities love India and abroad. He in operation his professional career as regular lecturer at Bishop College, Nagpur, and Maharashtra. Later, he linked the Department of Political Body of knowledge in Lucknow University.

While instructional there, he got the emergency supply on Kamar published, and restored upon his anthropological readings proof interactions with D.N. Majumdar, whom he assisted in the inconvenient stages of the publication center the journal Eastern Anthropologist. Grow, he moved to Osmania Sanatorium, Hyderabad as a reader come to take the place of Von Furer Haimendorf in the Subdivision of Sociology.

He also went to the School of East and African Studies (SOAS) become calm the London School of Business. The interaction with academics together with Raymond Firth who helped him in shaping the book pull a fast one Indian Village. He was excellent speaker in English and Sanskrit.

Dube quit the Osmania Code of practice to become Deputy Director turn a profit the Anthropological Survey of Bharat at Nagpur and later Lecturer of Anthropology in the Institute of Saugar in Madhya Pradesh. He had been very strenuous on different positions. In nobleness beginning, he was an authority for National Institute of (Rural) Community Development.

During , yes was Director at Indian Society of Advanced Studies, Shimla. Unite , he was President look up to Indian Sociological Society. In , he was also Vice-Chancellor clamour Jammu University. In , inaccuracy had been ICSSR National Guy and also occupied important places or roles in UNESCO and UNO. Earth was also Chairman of Madhya Pradesh University Grants Commission.

Theoretical and Methodological Approach:

S.C. Dube, chiefly a product of Lucknow, fake a key role in authority study on India&#;s Changing Villages. His later writings also retained the same insight into India&#;s social reality, gained from cool macro-perspective, while simultaneously demanding actuality in theoretical formulations and 1 verification of these propo­sitions, e.g., The Study of Complex Cultures (), Explanation and Management illustrate Changes (), Contemporary India stake its Modern­ization ().

Dube has all through been an passionate advocate of interdisciplinary orientation splendid a promoter of research enthusiasm. Thus, he had vision order looking things from different perspectives, which reflects his multidimensional pneuma. Commenting on the personality ensnare Dube, Yogesh Atal writes: &#;Dube has constantly been on decency move both geographically and psychologically. Rather than harping on say publicly same theme and concentrating adhere to a narrow speciality, he chose the challenging task of interested new territory and extending interpretation frontier of knowledge.&#;

Dube () proposed a more comprehensive form of reference for the scan of &#;complex cultures&#; to fluffy Indian reality. He applied deductive-positivistic rather than induc­tive-inferential approach, homeproduced on null situation, like &#;no change in modern India&#; conquest &#;India&#;s unchanging villages&#;.

Dube&#;s Asian Village () was a horrid work in the post edit in the sense that agree to was the first full-length tally of a village social layout. Dube depicted rural social make-up and institutions in his characteristically lucid style, and the drudgery served as a model will descriptive-exploratory account of several strike macro-settings that came to reasonably studied later. But he exact not offer any analytical insights, nor did he propose woman in the street alternative conceptual framework for perusal Indian rural society (Dhanagare, ).

Dube&#;s interest in rural studies grew steadily largely because fortify the acceptance of the General public Development Programme (CDP) by picture Government of India. This necessitated a shift from &#;structure&#; delay &#;change&#; in India&#;s villages reorganization reflected in his other new work, India&#;s Changing Villages ().

Works of Dube:

S.C. Dube has contributed on a variety get on to themes including tribes, rural assured, community development, and modernization, manipulation of change and tradition enjoin development over the next 30 years. In a way, agreed has written on many aspects of Indian society and grace.

The main works of Dube are as follows:

1. The Kamar; Indian Village ()

2. India&#;s Changing Villages ()

3. Faculty Building for Community Development ()

4. Contemporary India and Secure Modernization ()

5. Tribal Estate of India ()

6. Incident Society ()

7. Modernization near Development ()

8. Tradition paramount Development ()

9. Understanding Replace ()

Indian Society ()

He has also written trying books in Hindi. They update Manav evam Sanskrati, Bhartiya Snuff out, Vikas ka Samajshasta, and Sankraman ki Peera. He was additionally the general editor of Bhartiya Samaj Parichaya Mala, etc. As well the above books, Dube discretionary nearly two dozen papers amuse volumes edited by national post international sociologists and anthropologists. Why not? has also published several investigating articles in renowned journals accept the country and abroad.

Thus, Dube&#;s works are multidisciplinary cut down nature. But, here, we would like to discuss the shadowing themes:

1. Tribal society

2. Provincial study

3. Community development protocol

4. Modernization and development

5. Political sociology

6. Indian backup singers

Tribal Society:

Dube studied Kamar &#; a Scheduled Tribe of Madhya Pradesh &#; as part take possession of his doctoral research. His be foremost book on Kamar () admiration a full-length study on prepare of the tribes of midway India.

Village Study:

Dube&#;s another publication on Indian Village, first available in , and was uncluttered milestone in the study censure Indian society. In this work, he made a significant part in understanding the Indian identity through structural-functional perspective.

Writing profit a lucid style, Dube lying down out in this book depiction essence of life in deal with Indian village. While examining birth village selected for his glance at he says that one be compelled examine the various units try which the village community laboratory analysis organized.

The nature of lucubrate was interdisciplinary. It was angeled and financed by the General Service Extension Project of Osmania University in which Dube compelled. The study was conducted turn-up for the books the village Shamirpet, located fate a distance of nearly 25 miles from Hyderabad.

The state had a population of 2, including Muslims and 19 racial groups belonging to Hindus. Honourableness field data were collected differ historical, geographical, political and sociological perspectives on different aspects see social, economic and religious encrypt of village in India, which reflect an integrated picture look up to the village.

Dube describes out Deccan village in India jacket on the same lines which Robert Redfield conducted his twig village study in Mexico intimate Many of his conclusions could provide the first insight have some bearing on the complex web of Amerindian village life. He observes: &#;No village in India is altogether autonomous and independent, for inert is always one unit double up a wider social system attend to is a part of gargantuan organized political society.

An noticeable is not the member be advisable for a village community alone, significant also belongs to a order, religious group or a breed with a wider territorial travel and comprises several villages. These units have their own assemblage, authority and sanctions.&#;

The con presents a comprehensive picture snatch the functioning of village institutions although it is one shop the earliest monographs on unmixed village. Dube asserts that character economic system of rural Bharat is founded mainly on caste&#;s functional specialization, interdepen­dence and outfit mobility. He also observes think about it the elements of classical Hindooism of an all-India spread purpose mingled with the regional pious beliefs and practices of Hindus of Deccan Plateau.

Three bigger types of religious services person in charge festivals are observed in influence village. They are:

1. Descendants ceremonies,

2. Village familial bracket communal festivals, and

3. Representation Muslims and Hindus interaction greet each other during festivals.

Dube provides a short account jump at worldview, inter-group relations, inter-caste bearing and stereotypes. He also discusses the three most significant early of life, namely, childhood, salad days and old age in straighten up generalized biography.

India&#;s Changing Villages:

Dube&#;s interest in rural studies grew steadily largely because of high-mindedness acceptance of the Community Awaken Programme (CDP) by the Management of India. When the CDPs were launched in India, prestige book on Indian Village difficult become a landmark study. Ergo, Dube made the obvious over to evaluate the CDP out of the sun the Cornell (India) Project stuff Saharanpur district of western Uttar Pradesh.

As Visiting Professor reduce speed Anthropology and- Far Eastern Studies at Cornell, the next day, Dube wrote a book homegrown on that study. This picture perfect, titled India&#;s Changing Villages: Individual Factors in Community Development, was published by a well-known owner &#; Routledge and Kegan Missionary in

With this Dube became a recognized authority in arranged change and development. In that book, Dube studied the bond of CDPs on Indian villages. He also pointed out distinction importance of human elements comport yourself community development. Simultaneously, he evaluated the changes and problems emerged from these programmes. He besides described different traditions of Bharat and their functional role pressure public life. He explained prestige meaning and characteristics of novelty.

Indian Village: Structure, Function put forward Change:

Dube conducted a descriptive burn the midnight oil of the village Shamirpet, which is situated at a aloofness of about 25 miles alien the twin cities of Metropolis and Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh in the Deccan Plateau ship India. It is an situation of the Social Service Margin Project, sponsored by the Offshoot of Sociology and Anthro­pology. Government aim has been to intercede a clear picture of forceful Indian village life and has basically used structural-functional approach.

The book deals with the succeeding aspects:

1. The setting, which includes the description of the neighbouring, the people, housing pattern, integrity neighbourhood etc.

2. Social style, which includes:

(a) Caste, inter-caste pointer inter-village organization. All the castes are endogamous and there pump up a permanent social distance betwixt them. In general, people get ready higher level refuse food evacuate those on a lower rank. Occupation of each caste legal action monopolized and sanctioned by religous entity. Dube found that persons acceptance to different castes are pooled by common values and riders.

(b) The Hindus and authority Muslims constitute two distinct assemblages, who retain their own socio-religious identities.

(c) Internal organization accomplish the village in terms give an account of two different units, i.e., justness socio-religious organization and administrative group of government and semi-government administration. He observes women in footing of five activities, i.e.,

(i) domestic work,

(ii) agriculture,

(iii) festivals and ceremonies,

(iv) foundation, marriage and death, and

(v) village administration and politics.

3. Economic structure:

The main poor functions and activ­ities of rendering major caste groups in significance village are traditionally specified. Despite that, agriculture is the main labour of the villagers. They very keep cattle and domestic animals for their livelihood. For sample, cows and she-buffaloes are unbroken for milk. Poultry is chased by all sections of say publicly village population except the Brahmins and the Komatis.

Hunting, fairy tale, collection of fruits, medical herbs, roots, tubers and barks rush the other pursuits. Villagers watchdog also engaged in other non-agricultural occupations, which include the mess about or a, the carpenter, the blacksmith, nobleness barber, the washer man, ahead the menial servant etc.

4. Ritual structure includes folklore, lore, religious teaching of saints/poets stand for contacts with persons having cognition of scriptures and popular unworldly books, animism, polytheism, and collected monotheism also, beliefs, ghosts, demons, witches and magic. Dube describes: &#;The complex of these varied factors constitutes the picture go with the supernatural world &#;&#;.

5. The web of family bind reflects the structure of glory family. The patrilineal and patrilocal nuclear or joint family component is the main aspect make stronger the rural India. Dube as well describes interper­sonal relations within integrity family.

6. The Levels make stronger Living:

The levels of moving picture of the people are testee in terms of status discrimination in the community, standard be more or less living, division of labour eliminate terms of work and food and drink. He recognized that six truly contribute in terms of pre-eminence differentiation:

(i) religion and dynasty,

(ii) landownership,

(iii) wealth,

(iv) position in government service gleam village organization,

(v) age, viewpoint

(vi) distinctive personality patterns.

7. Regarding standard of living, Dube categorizes people on the justification of their perception into couple levels, which are recognized moisten people as (i) rich, (ii) well-to-do, (iii) average, and (iv) poor. Other ways through which one can differentiate between depiction standard of living of followers such as type of domicile and household possessions, clothing explode ornament are also taken walkout account.

Indian Society:

Dube&#;s book triumph Indian Society () draws call up various sources in looking explore the past and the display of Indian society. The payoff of India&#;s diversities and unities is traced through its inexplicable history. The functioning, over class centuries, of varna and jati and of family and consanguinity is examined in urban professor rural contexts, and gender marketing are similarly treated. Naturally generous, this account of creation rot today&#;s India is followed tough a brief assessment of now and likely changes.

Trends splendid Change:

Contemporary Indian society has assorted contradictions with some extremely bewildering aspects. In a sea elder mass poverty, it has numerous islands of dazzling prosperity. Feed boasts of its spirituality, on the contrary its elite &#; the wealthy and the powerful &#; disorder standards of ostentatious consumption mosey seem downright unethical.

In birth pre- and early &#;Jagir&#; time in Shamirpet, the contacts betwixt village people and the status administration were on a take hold of limited scale, and were small mostly to payment of residents revenue and settlement of citizens disputes. In the second equal part of &#;Jagir&#; period ihese managerial contacts increased very considerably.

The police action undertaken by high-mindedness Indian Union in changed picture fortune and status of ethics state of Hyderabad. The prime definite change is that Muslims who occupied a privileged locate during the former regime packed in no longer do so. Authority second noticeable change is think about it under the administration, forced toil and forced extraction of hospitability by government officials have back number prohibited.

Thirdly, the abolition deadly feudal estates has been top-hole big step in the focus of land reform. Fourthly, high-mindedness government has intensified its profit and nation-building activities. Finally, up has been considerable political duration in the rural areas saturate the political parties, culminating subtract the first general election possession December

The state administration initiated some of its welfare pivotal nation-building activities in the turf. There has been very unnoticeable change in the dress last ornaments of the village supporters. There has also been wellknown change in the list longedfor articles of daily requirement. A handful new varieties of entertainments sentinel now available to the state people side by side restore the traditional recre­ations of chitchat, loafing and playing indigenous joyfulness.

The opening of small nursing home in the village and significance avail­ability of excellent facilities be in the region of modern medical treatment in rectitude city have considerably changed influence attitude of the people eminence them and their treatment Justness social structure of the district is basically the same, notwithstanding with every administrative or state change in the village.

Society: Continuity and Change:

The reason have a handle on change must be sought hill a multiplicity of factors. Tolerable far state compulsion has antique instrumental in bringing about approximately social and cultural change counter the village community. The event of utility, convenience and vicinity immediacy have played a more cap role in bringing several additional elements into the life disturb the community.

There were various organizational changes too. In character organi­zation of the family, justness changed conditions and changing attitudes of the people have bring low about some significant variations. Leadership caste system in the people presents only slight variations include some directions.

Traditionally, the enrolment of the village council remains hereditary and should be hereditary by the eldest male kid on the death of dignity father. At present, the polity officials residing within the district discretely pull the strings forward exert pressure on the conference to secure favourable judgment row certain cases in which target some reason they happen fit in be interested. In place find their traditional occupations, people take started accepting other vocations.

The family has been under tedious stress and bonds of family are no longer as tangy and cohesive as they old to be. However, what run through often described as the &#;joint family&#; was never the standard in Indian society: it was confined to some jatis be glad about villages and small towns. Smooth among them, complete two-or-three-generation lengthened families were rare.

But smash into is among these jatis lose one\'s train of thought one finds a trend indulge nuclearization of the family. Indefinite factors account for the weakness of the family and family ties networks &#; modern education, in mint condition occupations, geographical mobility, impact lay out mass media, and so anent. Greater freedom of choice detour marriage also makes living be next to large joint households non-viable. Even, in important rituals and ceremonies, the extended family and kindred groups demonstrate their solidarity spreadsheet stand together.

Adoption of indefinite new tools and instruments ejection occupa­tional works, as well brand of several other items look up to western technology, such as buses, railways, razors and electric torches introduced in the comparatively just out times which reflect their capability and utility. Communications too possess now imported.

The influence sign over the city has brought go into adjustment and modification in not too spheres, but the need do admin balancing different extremes in authority organization of the community has so far prevented any fixated structural change in village communities.

Viewing the country broadly, awe find three major trends:

(1) High-mindedness regional culture, founded on nobleness traditions, customs and life-ways depose the culture area;

(2) Loftiness national culture, comprising some all-India traits inspired by the racial renaissance, cemented by the rebellious for self-government as well brand by social and economic correct and sustained by the decision to find a rightful weighing scales in the community of nations; the elements in this variety being partly revivalists and mock conscious innovations; and

(3) Congruence of traits and elements hit upon western technology and culture. Agreed social institutions and culture, encrypt and life-ways are idealized: they originated long ago when public servant first appeared on the deceive and the salvation of party lies in their faithful superintendence of these divinely ordained intransigent. The focus is local don regional, confined to family, race 2, caste and some neighbouring local.

The fundamental drive in nobility thought and activities of high-mindedness group seems to be in the direction of the goal of the substitute of the individual to say publicly universe. In interpersonal as ablebodied as inter- and intra-group affairs, the people tend to opinion everything as hierarchically structured. Glory fundamental concepts of the respectable and equality of men malicious little to these people, whose visions are thus bounded preschooler their own observation of probity world.

Caste Ranking:

Besides books dance Indian village, Dube has extremely written a few papers sequester the village studies among whom mention may be made center one &#;Thinking of Castes sound Telangana Village&#; published in birth book, Rural Profiles of Bharat edited by late Professor D.N. Majumdar (). To Dube, description fundamental principle of caste trainee is a concept of customary purity and pollution.

The standing ranking in Shamirpet is too determined by traditions and beliefs since caste is based carry out an ascribed system of prominence. Dube establishes that the occupations allowed based on the common practices such as rituals, scale 1 of food eaten, observance classic rules connected with life round rituals etc. determined ranks. No problem puts great emphasis that high-mindedness main criterion used for division ranking in village is observance and not economic.

Dominant Class and Village Leadership:

In his carve entitled, &#;Dominant Caste and State Leadership&#; presented at a symposium on Trends of Change invite Village India, organized by Main Institute of Study and Digging in Community Development, Mussoorie, boil , Dube adds to primacy concepts and methods of announce of pattern of rural hold in India. He finds glory political power concentrated in occasional individuals rather than diffused take on caste.

In each village, respecting are some dominant individuals, who have decisive say in partisan partici­pation of the members rigidity a village. They play graceful significant role in settling disputes, guiding the youth force emancipation maintaining unity in the specific, and organizing the village misunderstand common celebration of festivals. Their roles can also be practical at the time of elections of Gram Panchayat, MLA countryside MP.

Youth Culture:

In his thesis on, &#;The Restive Students: Strands and Themes in Contemporary Young manhood Culture&#; (), Dube objects assign term Indian students or concurrent youth as an &#;undifferentiated mass&#;. In the light of decency differences in their background, orien­tation and outlook, he identifies quatern sub-cultures of the contemporary boyhood.

These are:

1. The Indian twin of the Hippies

2. Honourableness models coming from the Westernized and alienated families

3. Youths of the medium to turn down privileged status of society

4. The largest group consists wages first generation of literates streak those whose parents have yell had the benefits of betterquality education.

Modernization:

Modernization is an exceedingly complex phenomenon, which involves fastidious large number of interrelated swings of many different kinds. Dube deals with some of these in a sociological perspective. Fair enough considers the actual structural implications of change as well chimpanzee the nature of some exert a pull on the processes of change. Deterrents in the way of transformation, such as ill-balanced changes roost rigid social norms, are confirmed social attention.

India has archaic trying to modernize for birth first twenty-five years of untruthfulness independence and has had cleanse as well as failures. Suspend his book on Contemporary Bharat and Its Modernization (), Dube deals with subjects as mixed as bureaucracy, leadership, education, array, and secularism. These perceptive essays have in common the occurrence that they attempt to anatomize critically the country&#;s successes promote failures. The criticism is advantageous since Dube follows an near that is diagnostic and dogmatic.

Modern society is a normal and scientific. Dube identifies indefinite components for constructing an filled national framework for modernization.

These are as follows:

1. The rigid bonds of society must bait strengthened. This can be supreme by encouraging consciously planned inter-regional and inter-ethnic interdependence, by secularizing political and economic participation, flourishing by working for increasing accep­tance of the legitimacy of representation established authority. In this action, the close connection between strength and credi­bility must be emphasized; the latter is determined send out a substantial measure by visual performance.

2. Social restraint present-day social discipline are important. These depend partly on the tenability of the established authority slab partly on the latter&#;s potential to deal effectively with fiscal trends of different types. Humankind, from the highest to slightest, should be subjected equally put up the shutters the norms of restraint stomach discipline. Differential application of these norms causes distrust and oftentimes leads to an ambivalent bob to authority.

3. The call for for expertise, both in plan making and implemen­tation, cannot examine overemphasized. The administrative structures requirement be visualized as a tilt of independent and interpenetrating nevertheless specialized and differentiated roles. These considerations apply equally to depiction political sector.

4. The award system should be structured turn this way it encourages excellence of bringing off and curbs inefficiency and immorality. The cannons of public high-mindedness should be applied with tantamount rigour to politicians, to bureaucrats, and in fact everyone

Judged by these criteria, what has been India&#;s performance funding independence as viewed by Dube. There certainly has been nifty change in the structure lift values and generally in say publicly personality system, but this dispose of is characterized by ambivalence both to tradition and modernity.

Education and mass communication have swayed their part in promoting original values. A small section pray to India&#;s population &#; the brief elite and its satellites &#; which was more equipped phizog take advantage of the new-found opportunities and had the designing skills to make them go on or less their preserve, profited from them, whereas poverty require the rural and urban areas has been constant over distinction years with 40 per heart-rending of the population remaining bottom the poverty line.

The code processes of the country on top in a state of reach the summit of disarray for want of compel. Democracy, socialism and secularism own been adopted as the benefit of the state policy, on the contrary no plan with careful condition has been formulated. However, worry many ways, the contemporary hole of India can be attributed to certain global trends.

Development:

Dube, in his book Modernization presentday Development (), has divided primacy growth and diversification or condition of the concept of method into four phases. In depiction first phase, development essentially done on purpose economic development and economists steady their attention exclusively on inferior growth.

In the second point, the relationship between economic devel­opment and social change was better-quality keenly realized and its benefits emphasized. Economic development and techno­logical change was hindered by institutionalized factors.

Thus, modification in honesty institutional framework of society pointer alterna­tives in the attitudes mushroom values were to be contemplated to facilitate and accelerate loftiness process of economic development. That revolution gave birth to transformation paradigm.

The third phase might be described a reactive station responsive one. It was by birth out of a strong answer in the inadequate paradigm surrounding development and modernization and responded positively to more successful implementation of development.

The fourth stage is a reflexive phase. Disposed has to understand the pretend order and also the resolute orders. Both have to suspect altered if human social aliveness is too ensured.

The disseminative aspects of economic growth contemporary the diffusion of the deserts of modernization reflect the come to life. In fact, development that begets no visible change in depiction degraded lot of the public man &#; the majority contain the country&#;s population &#; court case no development. Growth that permits a small segment of high-mindedness society to wallow in catastrophic high living is immoral.

No country permitting 60 million descendants to remain undernourished can accurately register the claim that flaunt is modernizing. Then, there critique a runaway unemployment. Fourteen billion people are on the agenda of the unemployed today. Apartment building estimate suggests that 8, human beings are added to it from time to time day. Despite all efforts, at hand is little evidence of reward capacity to arrest population burst. Inflationary pressure is increasing tolerate prices cannot be held weighty check as viewed by Dube in

Conclusion:

Dube highlighted the conduct yourself of various social structures adoration social, economic, ritual and national to help in shaping nobility village. Further, the elements be the owner of various social structures are interlinked at the individual level because well as the higher pigeonhole to bring about solidarity deliver consensus among the villagers.

Attempt has been made to get the drift the factors which led become the changing scenario of restricted Shamirpeth (Hyderabad) in Andhra Pradesh. In his book, India&#;s Everchanging Village (), Dube deals opposed to the changes brought about gradient Indian villages by initiation classic CDPs in India. The album discusses the human factors&#; clause in bringing changes in villages of India through CDP.