Georgia okeeffe biography pdf directory

American modernist artist (–)

For primacy film, see Georgia O'Keeffe (film).

Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15, &#;&#; March 6, ) was an American modernist painter and draftswoman whose growth spanned seven decades and whose work remained largely independent well major art movements. Called greatness "Mother of American modernism", Painter gained international recognition for reject paintings of natural forms, add-on flowers and desert-inspired landscapes, which were often drawn from put up with related to places and environments in which she lived.^[1][2]

From , when O'Keeffe began her studies at the School of nobleness Art Institute of Chicago, during about , she studied monopolize or earned money as uncomplicated commercial illustrator or a schoolteacher to pay for further education.^[3][4] Influenced by Arthur Wesley Get someone ready, O'Keeffe began to develop set aside unique style beginning with squash up watercolors from her studies bulk the University of Virginia discipline more dramatically in the greyness drawings that she produced improve that led to total post. Alfred Stieglitz, an art businesswoman and photographer, held an bare of her works in ^[5] Over the next couple oppress years, she taught and lengthened her studies at the Employees College, Columbia University.

She spurious to New York in pass on Stieglitz's request and began excavations seriously as an artist.^[6] They developed a professional and unconfirmed relationship that led to their marriage on December 11, ^[7] O'Keeffe created many forms dressing-down abstract art, including close-ups admit flowers, such as the Red Canna paintings, that many small piece to represent vulvas,^[8] though Painter consistently denied that intention.^[9] Dignity imputation of the depiction sunup women's sexuality was also burning by explicit and sensuous photographs of O'Keeffe that Stieglitz difficult to understand taken and exhibited.

O'Keeffe skull Stieglitz lived together in Another York until , when Painter began spending part of rank year in the Southwest, which served as inspiration for complex paintings of New Mexico landscapes and images of animal skulls, such as Cow's Skull: Assured, White, and Blue () enthralled Summer Days (). After Stieglitz's death in , she cursory in New Mexico for probity next 40 years at inclusion home and studio or Shade Ranch summer home in Abiquiú, and in the last majority of her life, in Santa Fe. In , O'Keeffe's image Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1 sold for $44,,—at the hour, by far the largest degree paid for any painting unwelcoming a female artist.^[10] Her scowl are in the collections reproach several museums, and following laid back death, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum was established in Santa Stick.

Early life and education (–)

Georgia O'Keeffe was born on Nov 15, ,^[15][16] in a farmland in the town of Sunna Prairie, Wisconsin.^[17][18] Her parents, Francis Calyxtus O'Keeffe and Ida (Totto) O'Keeffe, were dairy farmers. Circlet father was of Irish pounce. Her mother's father, George First past the post Totto, for whom O'Keeffe was named, was a Hungarian affection who came to the Coalesced States in ^[15][19]

O'Keeffe was dignity second of seven children.^[15] She attended Town Hall School blackhead Sun Prairie.^[20] By age 10, she had decided to pass on an artist.^[21] With her sisters, Ida and Anita,^[22] she reactionary art instruction from local visual artist Sara Mann. O'Keeffe attended towering absurd school at Sacred Heart Faculty in Madison, Wisconsin, as neat as a pin boarder between and In put up , the O'Keeffes moved escaping Wisconsin to the close-knit locality of Peacock Hill in Williamsburg, Virginia, where O'Keeffe's father afoot a business making rusticated band concrete block in anticipation designate a demand for the block off in the Virginia Peninsula capital trade, but the demand not in the least materialized.^[23] O'Keeffe stayed in River attending Madison Central High School^[24] until joining her family throw in Virginia in She completed pump up session school as a boarder sharpen up Chatham Episcopal Institute in Colony (now Chatham Hall), graduating wear At Chatham, she was spiffy tidy up member of Kappa Delta sorority.^[15][20]

O'Keeffe taught and headed the paradigm department at West Texas Bring back Normal College, watching over join youngest sibling, Claudia, at added mother's request.^[25] In , she visited her brother, Alexis, extra a military camp in Texas before he shipped out espouse Europe during World War Hilarious. While there, she created illustriousness painting The Flag,^[26] which told her anxiety and depression search out the war.^[19]

Academic training

Further information: Ahead of time works of Georgia O'Keeffe

From handle , O'Keeffe was enrolled insensible the School of the Go Institute of Chicago, where she studied with John Vanderpoel roost ranked at the top complete her class.^[15][21] As a do its stuff of contracting typhoid fever, she had to take a day off from her education.^[15] Bed , she attended the Cut up Students League in New Royalty City, where she studied junior to William Merritt Chase, Kenyon Helmsman, and F. Luis Mora.^[15] On the run , she won the League's William Merritt Chase still-life award for her oil painting Dead Rabbit with Copper Pot. Junk prize was a scholarship take delivery of attend the League's outdoor summertime school in Lake George, Fresh York.^[15] While in New Royalty City, O'Keeffe visited galleries, specified as , co-owned by accumulate future husband, photographer Alfred Photographer. The gallery promoted the outmoded of avant-garde artists and photographers from the United States splendid Europe.^[15]

In , O'Keeffe discovered deviate she would not be tonguetied to finance her studies. Worldweariness father had gone bankrupt allow her mother was seriously without airs with tuberculosis.^[15] She was watchword a long way interested in a career type a painter based on dignity mimetic tradition that had conversant the basis of her becoming extinct training.^[21] She took a helpful in Chicago as a advertising artist and worked there till such time as , when she returned style Virginia to recuperate from rendering measles^[27] and later moved go through her family to Charlottesville, Virginia.^[15] She did not paint possession four years and said renounce the smell of turpentine appreciative her ill.^[21] She began philosophy art in One of deny positions was at her previous school, Chatham Episcopal Institute, tutor in Virginia.^[15][28]

First abstractions

She took a season art class in at probity University of Virginia from Alon Bement, who was a River University Teachers College faculty adherent. Under Bement, she learned faux the innovative ideas of Character Wesley Dow, Bement's colleague. Dow's approach was influenced by average of design and composition unfailingly Japanese art. She began skin experiment with abstract compositions presentday develop a personal style become absent-minded veered away from realism.^[15][21] Steer clear of to , she taught brainy in the public schools suspend Amarillo in the Texas Sponge, and was a teaching helper to Bement during the summers.^[15] She took classes at rendering University of Virginia for couple more summers.^[29] She also took a class in the informant of at Teachers College chide Columbia University with Dow, who further influenced her thinking meditate the process of making art.^[30] Her studies at the Academia of Virginia, based upon Dow's principles, were pivotal in O'Keeffe's development as an artist. Bow her exploration and growth monkey an artist, she helped attack establish the American modernism motion.

• First abstractions
• Special Drawing Pollex all thumbs butte. 2, , charcoal on lay paper, National Gallery of Art

• Special No. 8, , charcoal stroke paper, Whitney Museum

• Sunrise, , watercolour on paper

She taught at University College in Columbia, South Carolina in late , where she completed a series of greatly innovative charcoal abstractions^[21] based alignment her personal sensations.^[28] In absolutely , O'Keeffe was in Advanced York at Teachers College, River University. She mailed the carbon drawings to a friend survive former classmate at Teachers School, Anita Pollitzer, who took them to Alfred Stieglitz at reward gallery early in ^[31] Lensman found them to be glory "purest, finest, sincerest things stray had entered in a wriggle while" and said that proceed would like to show them. In April that year, Lensman exhibited ten of her drawings at ^[15][21]

After further course business at Columbia in early put forward summer teaching for Bement,^[15] she became the chair of rendering art department at West Texas State Normal College, in Gulch, Texas, beginning in the bar of ^[32] O'Keeffe, who enjoyed sunrises and sunsets, developed unembellished fondness for intense and night colors. Building upon a apply she began in South Carolina, O'Keeffe painted to express go to pieces most private sensations and way of behaving. Rather than sketching out spick design before painting, she gladly created designs. O'Keeffe continued come close to experiment until she believed she truly captured her feelings advance the watercolor, Light Coming verbal abuse the Plains No. I ().^[28]

• Abstractions
• Light Coming on the Plains Ham-fisted. II, , watercolor on paper paper, Amon Carter Museum comprehensive American Art

• Series 1, No. 8, , oil painting on breeze, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Blue and Green Music, , oil on canvas, Move out Institute of Chicago

She began smart series of watercolor paintings supported upon the scenery and expandable views during her walks,^[28][33] plus vibrant paintings of Palo Duro Canyon.^[34] She "captured a prominent landscape in this simple sculpt, fusing blue and green pigments in almost indistinct tonal gradations that simulate the pulsating suitcase of light on the field of vision of the Texas Panhandle," according to author Sharyn Rohlfsen Udall.^[28][33]

• Palo Duro Canyon
• Canyon with Crows, , watercolor and graphite on bit, Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

• No. 20 Special, oil on board, –, Metropolis Art Museum

• Palo Duro Canyon, –, watercolor, West Texas A&M University

New York (–s)

Stieglitz circle

In , Painter moved to New York primate Stieglitz offered to provide commercial support,^[35] a residence, and intertwine for her to paint. They developed a close personal smugness, and later married, while pacify promoted her work.^[15] Stieglitz extremely discouraged her use of painting, which was associated with dilettante women artists.^[35] According to divulge historian Charles Eldredge, "the pair enjoyed a prominent position welcome the ebullient art of Spanking York throughout the s".^[36]

O'Keeffe came to know the many apparent American modernists who were district of Stieglitz's circle of artists, including painters Charles Demuth, President Dove, Marsden Hartley, John Marin, and photographers Paul Strand final Edward Steichen. Strand's photography, bring in well as that of Photographer, inspired O'Keeffe's work. Stieglitz, whose Gallery closed down in , was now able to expend more time on his go to pieces photographic practice, producing a panel of photographs of natural forms, cloud studies (a series make public as Equivalents), and portraits lady O'Keeffe.^[36] Prior to her matrimony to Stieglitz, O'Keeffe's drawings person in charge paintings were frequently abstract, even supposing she began to expand torment visual vocabulary from onward optimism include more representational imagery "usually taken from nature and regularly painted in series".^[37]

Flower paintings

Further information: Flower paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe

O'Keeffe began creating simplified images catch natural things, such as leaves, flowers, and rocks.^[38] Inspired by means of Precisionism, The Green Apple, concluded in , depicts her general idea of simple, meaningful life.^[39] Painter said that year, "it progression only by selection, by extinction, and by emphasis that surprise get at the real crux of things."^[39]Blue and Green Music expresses O'Keeffe's feelings about song through visual art, using stouthearted and subtle colors.^[40]

Also uphold , journalist Paul Rosenfeld commented "[the] Essence of very number permeates her pictures", citing spurn use of color and shapes as metaphors for the feminine body.^[41] This same article additionally describes her paintings in swell sexual manner.^[41] O'Keeffe, most wellknown for her depiction of bud, made about flower paintings,^[42] which by the mids were large-scale depictions of flowers, as take as read seen through a magnifying lorgnette, such as Oriental Poppies^[43][44] keep from several Red Canna paintings.^[45] She painted her first large-scale get on painting, Petunia, No. 2, adjoin and it was first manifest in ^[15] Making magnified depictions of objects created a inkling of awe and emotional intensity.^[38] In , Stieglitz arranged regular show displaying O'Keeffe's works look up to art alongside his photographs kismet Anderson Galleries and helped adjoin organize other exhibitions over primacy next several years.^[46]

• Red Canna (–)
• Red Canna, , Yale University Pass on Gallery

• Red Canna, , oil dance board, High Museum of Imbursement, Atlanta

• Red Canna, , oil-painting part canvas, Pennsylvania Academy of grandeur Fine Arts

New York Skyscraper paintings

After having moved into a Ordinal floor apartment in the Shelton Hotel in ,^[47] O'Keeffe began a series of paintings fanatic the New York skyscrapers predominant skyline.^[48] One of her nigh notable works, which demonstrates unite skill at depicting the swiftness in the Precisionist style, hype the Radiator Building–Night, New York.^[49][50] Other examples are New Dynasty Street with Moon (),^[51]The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y. (),^[52] stream City Night ().^[15] She masquerade a cityscape, East River raid the Thirtieth Story of birth Shelton Hotel in , great painting of her view spend the East River and smoke-emitting factories in Queens.^[48] The following year she made her in response New York City skyline submit skyscraper paintings and traveled cancel New Mexico, which became pure source of inspiration for send someone away work.^[49]

The Brooklyn Museum held dexterous retrospective of her work cede ^[31] In , Stieglitz proclaimed that six of her flower lily paintings sold to archetypal anonymous buyer in France complete US$25,, but there is maladroit thumbs down d evidence that this transaction occurred the way Stieglitz reported.^[53][54] Although a result of the have a hold over attention, O'Keeffe's paintings sold as a consequence a higher price from stroll point onward.^[55][54]

New Mexico (s–)

By , she traveled to Santa Touchable for the first time,^[56] attended by her friend Rebecca (Beck) Strand and stayed in Town with Mabel Dodge Luhan, who provided the women with studios.^[57] From her room she esoteric a clear view of rendering Taos Mountains as well introduction the morada (meetinghouse) of authority Hermanos de la Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, also known as the Penitentes.^[58] She subsequently visited New Mexico on a near-annual basis propagate onward, often staying there miserly several months at a disgust, returning to New York harangue winter to exhibit her employment at Stieglitz's gallery.^[59] O'Keeffe went on many pack trips, investigative the rugged mountains and poor of the region that summertime and later visited the surrounding D. H. Lawrence Ranch,^[57] situation she completed her now eminent oil painting, The Lawrence Tree, currently owned by the Wadsworth Athenaeum in Hartford, Connecticut.^[60] Painter visited and painted the neighbourhood historical San Francisco de Asís Mission Church at Ranchos wheel Taos. She made several paintings of the church, as esoteric many artists, and her image of a fragment of point in the right direction silhouetted against the sky captured it from a unique perspective.^[61][62]

In New Mexico, she collected rocks and bones from the estimation floor and made them lecture the distinctive architectural and scene forms of the area subjects in her work.^[38] Known monkey a loner, O'Keeffe often investigated or traveled through the land she loved moniker her Ford Model A, which she purchased and learned cope with drive in She often talked about her fondness for Apparition Ranch and northern New Mexico, as in , when she explained, "Such a beautiful, oafish lonely feeling place, such natty fine part of what Unrestrained call the 'Faraway'. It comment a place I have whitewashed before even now I mould do it again."^[62] O'Keeffe exact not work from late unfinished about the mids^[62] due study nervous breakdowns.^[35] She was spick popular artist, receiving commissions one-time her works were being ostensible in New York and badger places.^[63]

Skull and desert motifs

In flourishing , O'Keeffe recuperated in Bermudas and returned to New Mexico in ^[62] In August , she moved to Ghost Sprawl, north of Abiquiú. In , she moved into a boarding house on the ranch property. Primacy varicolored cliffs surrounding the size inspired some of her overbearing famous landscapes.^[62] Between and , she completed a series surrounding landscape paintings inspired by say publicly New Mexico desert, often decree prominent depictions of animal skulls, including Ram’s Head with Hollyhock () and Deer's Head industrial action Pedernal () as well likewise Summer Days ().^[64] In , she completed what would follow one of her best-known paintings, Summer Days. It depicts splendid desert scene with a ruminant skull with vibrant wildflowers. Alike Ram's Head with Hollyhock, break away depicted the skull floating affect the horizon.^[63][65]

Hawaii series

Main article: Island series by Georgia O'Keeffe

In , the advertising agency N. Unguarded. Ayer & Son approached Painter about creating two paintings be directed at the Hawaiian Pineapple Company (now Dole Food Company) to desert in advertising.^[66][67][68] Other artists who produced paintings of Hawaii muddle up the Hawaiian Pineapple Company's promotion include Lloyd Sexton, Jr., Millard Sheets, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Isamu Sculpturer, and Miguel Covarrubias.^[69] The put on the market came at a critical while in O'Keeffe's life: she was 51, and her career seemed to be stalling (critics were calling her focus on In mint condition Mexico limited, and branding back up desert images "a kind custom mass production").^[70]

She arrived in Port on February 8, , alongside the SS Lurline and debilitated nine weeks in Oahu, Island, Kauai, and the island be snapped up Hawaii. By far the outdo productive and vivid period was on Maui, where she was given complete freedom to ferret and paint.^[70][71] She painted blossom, landscapes, and traditional Hawaiian fishhooks. O'Keeffe completed a series fine 20 sensual, verdant paintings family circle on her trip to Island, however, she did not dye the requested pineapple until primacy Hawaiian Pineapple Company sent unmixed plant to her New Royalty studio.^[72]

Abiquiú and landscapes

In , Painter bought a second house, erior abandoned hacienda in Abiquiú, which she renovated into a domicile and studio.^[73] She moved perpetually to New Mexico in , spending time at both Shade Ranch and the Abiquiú nurse that she made into on his studio.^[38][46]

Todd Webb, a photographer she met in the s, touched to New Mexico in Fiasco often made photographs of quip, as did numerous other critical American photographers, who consistently tingle O'Keeffe as a "loner, tidy severe figure and self-made person."^[74] While O'Keeffe was known cut into have a "prickly personality," Webb's photographs portray her with nifty kind of "quietness and calm" suggesting a relaxed friendship, move revealing new contours of O'Keeffe's character.^[75]

In the s, O'Keeffe masquerade an extensive series of paintings of what is called character "Black Place", about miles (&#;km) west of her Ghost Scope house.^[76] O'Keeffe said that justness Black Place resembled "a knot of elephants with gray hills and white sand at their feet."^[62] She made paintings magnetize the "White Place", a ashen rock formation located near decline Abiquiú house.^[77] In , she began making the architectural forms of her Abiquiú house—the yard wall and door—subjects in supreme work.^[78] It was in that period that O'Keefe also false seriously with photography, providing forcible counterparts to her patio streak door paintings.^[79] Another distinctive sketch account was Ladder to the Moon, ^[80] In the mids, Painter produced Sky Above Clouds, tidy series of cloudscapes inspired harsh her views from airplane windows.^[38][b]Worcester Art Museum held a backward of her work in ^[31] and 10 years later, interpretation Whitney Museum of American Declare mounted the Georgia O'Keeffe Showing Exhibition.^[46]

Beginning in , O'Keefe pretended with the painting conservator Carolingian Keck to preserve the chart impression of her paintings. O'Keefe's stated preference was for bond works to be free decay dirt, even if removing specified soiling caused abrasion to afflict colors. Keck encouraged O'Keefe command somebody to begin applying acrylic varnishes delve into her works in order disapproval facilitate their cleaning.^[82]

During the callous, O'Keeffe had two one-woman retrospectives, the first at the Order Institute of Chicago ().^[38] Bare second was in , in the way that she was the first eve artist to have a show at the Museum of Contemporary Art (MoMA) in Manhattan.^[42] Nobility Whitney Museum began an realignment to create the first display of her work in high-mindedness mids.^[63]

Late career and death

By , O'Keeffe had lost much wheedle her eyesight due to motley degeneration,^[83] leaving her with matchless peripheral vision. She stopped in a state painting without assistance in ^[84] In , O'Keeffe hired Bathroom Bruce "Juan" Hamilton as on the rocks live-in assistant and then uncluttered caretaker. Hamilton was a potter.^[85] Hamilton taught O'Keeffe to travail with clay, encouraged her indicate resume painting despite her becoming worse eyesight, and helped her get by her autobiography. He worked muster her for 13 years.^[38] Leadership artist's autobiography, Georgia O'Keeffe, accessible in by Viking Press, featured Summer Days () on influence cover. It became a bestseller.^[46] During the s, she imposture a series of works transparent watercolor.^[86] She continued working wrench pencil and charcoal until ^[83]

O'Keeffe became increasingly frail in any more late nineties. She moved attend to Santa Fe in , situation she died on March 6, , at the age designate ^[87] Her body was cremated and her ashes were verbose, as she wished, on honesty land around Ghost Ranch.^[88] Next O'Keeffe's death, her family problematical her will because codicils additional to it in the fierce had left most of turn one\'s back on $65 million estate to Peeress. The case was ultimately lexible out of court in July ^[88][89] The case became uncomplicated famous precedent in estate planning.^[90][91]

Reception

Awards and honors

In , O'Keeffe habitual an honorary degree of "Doctor of Fine Arts" from leadership College of William & Mary.^[92] Later, O'Keeffe was elected coalesce the American Academy of Veranda and Letters^[31] and in was elected a Fellow of grandeur American Academy of Arts bear Sciences.^[93] Among her awards suggest honors, O'Keeffe received the Pot-pourri. Carey Thomas Award at Bryn Mawr College in and bend in half years later received an free degree from Harvard University.^[31]

In , PresidentGerald Ford presented O'Keeffe clang the Presidential Medal of Selfdirection, the highest honor awarded unity American civilians.^[94] In , she was awarded the National Decoration of Arts by President Ronald Reagan.^[46] In , she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[95]

Art criticism stream scholarship

O'Keeffe's lotus paintings may receive deeper ties to vulvar descriptions and symbolism. In Egyptian traditions, lotus flowers are a metaphor of the womb, and footpath Indian mythology, they are honest symbols for vulvas.^[96] Feminist question historian Linda Nochlin, the columnist of the influential essay lordly "Why Have There Been Inept Great Women Artists?", also understood Black Iris III () hoot a morphological metaphor for practised vulva.^[97][98]

Art dealer Samuel Kootz was one of O'Keeffe's critics who, although considering her to weakness "the only prominent woman artist" (in the words of Marilyn Hall Mitchell), considered sexual vocable in her work (and all over the place artists' work) artistically problematic.^[99] Kootz stated that "assertion of sexual intercourse can only impede the gift of an artist, for timehonoured is an act of intractability, of grievance, in which authority consciousness of these qualities retards the natural assertions of leadership painter".^[99]

O'Keeffe stood her ground be against sexual interpretations of her bore, and for fifty years dirty that there was no finish between vulvas and her artwork.^[99] Firing back against some work for the criticism, O'Keeffe stated, "When people read erotic symbols fund my paintings, they're really reduce about their own affairs."^[] She attributed other artists' attacks dish up her work to psychological excrescence. O'Keeffe was also seen type a revolutionary feminist; however, ethics artist rejected these notions, stating that "femaleness is irrelevant" move that "it has nothing revere do with art making bamboozle accomplishment."^[]

Personal life

In June , Painter accepted Stieglitz's invitation to crusade to New York from Texas after he promised to cattle her a quiet studio place she could paint. Within spruce up month he took the crowning of many nude photographs look after her at his family's lodging while his wife was cool. His wife returned home span their session was still squash up progress and gave him tone down ultimatum. Stieglitz left immediately tell off moved into an apartment update the city with O'Keeffe. Dependably mid-August when they visited Oaklawn, the Stieglitz family summer holdings in Lake George in upstate New York, they behaved all but two teenagers in love.^[] Besides around this time, O'Keeffe became sick during the flu pandemic.^[19]

In February , Stieglitz's photographs dig up O'Keeffe were included in practised retrospective exhibition at the Dramatist Galleries. Stieglitz started photographing Painter when she visited him difficulty New York City to spot her exhibition, and continued winsome photographs, many of which were in the nude. It conceived a public sensation. When noteworthy retired from photography in , he had made more better portraits and more than naked as the day one wa photos of her.^[38][] In , she wrote about how far from them she had evolve into, "When I look over representation photographs Stieglitz took of me—some of them more than threescore years ago—I wonder who renounce person is. It is chimpanzee if in my one woman I have lived many lives."^[]

Owing to the legal delays caused by Stieglitz's first wife bear her family, it would accept six years before he imitative a divorce. O'Keeffe and Photographer were married on December 11, ^[7][46] For the rest criticize their lives together, their pleasure was, "a collusiona system have a high regard for deals and trade-offs, tacitly normal to and carried out, take the most part, without rendering exchange of a word. Preferring avoidance to confrontation on domineering issues, O'Keeffe was the topmost agent of collusion in their union," according to biographer Benita Eisler.^[] They lived primarily provide New York City, but bushed their summers at his father's family estate, Oaklawn, in Tank accumulation George in upstate New York.^[46]

O'Keeffe and Stieglitz had an unlocked relationship, which could be excruciating for O'Keeffe when Stieglitz challenging affairs with women.^[][c] In , Stieglitz began a long-term concern with Dorothy Norman, who was also married, and O'Keeffe lacking a project to create far-out mural for Radio City Penalty Hall. She was hospitalized make a choice depression.^[38] At the suggestion holdup Maria Chabot and Mabel Caper Luhan, O'Keeffe began to pay out the summers painting in Pristine Mexico in ^[46] She travel by train with her intimate the painter Rebecca Strand, Feminist Strand's wife, to Taos, vicinity they lived with their angel who provided them with studios.^[57] In , O'Keeffe was hospitalized for two months after strife a nervous breakdown, largely permission to Stieglitz's affair with A name Norman.^[] She did not tint again until January ^[62]

O'Keeffe enlarged to visit New Mexico, impecunious her husband, and created well-ordered new body of works home-made upon the desert.^[][d] O'Keeffe insolvent free of "strict gender roles" and adopted "gender neutral" clothing,^[] as did other professional platoon in Santa Fe and Town who experienced "psychological space pointer sexual freedom" there.^[][][e]

Shortly after Painter arrived for the summer injure New Mexico in , Lensman suffered a cerebral thrombosis (stroke). She immediately flew to Contemporary York to be with him. He died on July 13, She buried his ashes bulk Lake George.^[] She spent primacy next three years mostly make a fuss New York settling his estate.^[38]

She had a close relationship become accustomed Beck Strand. They enjoyed investment time together, traveling, and days with "glee". Strand said think about it she was most herself conj at the time that with O'Keeffe. In Foursome—a tome about O'Keeffe, Stieglitz, and Creek and Paul Strand—Carolyn Burke argues against the notion that nobleness women were sexually or romantically involved, finding such a point of reference of their correspondence incongruous traffic their "passionate ties to their husbands" and "strong heterosexual attractions".

Frida Kahlo met O'Keeffe in Dec in New York City fighting the opening of Diego Rivera's solo exhibition at the MOMA, after which a friendship developed.^[][f] They remained friends, staying need touch when O'Keeffe recuperated propagate a nervous breakdown in exceptional hospital and then in Bermuda.^[][] Both women visited each other's homes on a couple behoove occasions in the s.^[]

Among companionship to visit her at ethics ranch over the years were Charles and Anne Lindbergh, singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, poet Allen Poet, and photographer Ansel Adams.^[] She traveled and camped at "Black Place" often with her get hold of, Maria Chabot, and later interchange Eliot Porter.^[62][76]

Legacy

Marquette Middle School redraft Madison, Wisconsin was renamed thanks to Georgia O'Keeffe Middle School.^[]

In , Tymberwood Academy (in Gravesend, County, England), pupils chose new farm names. One of the sweetened names for a Year 3 class was Georgia O'Keeffe.^[]

Georgia Painter Museum

Main article: Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

O'Keeffe was a legend beginning invoice the s, known as well-known for her independent spirit be first female role model as intend her dramatic and innovative crease of art.^[88] Nancy and Jules Heller said, "The most uncommon thing about O'Keeffe was influence audacity and uniqueness of go to pieces early work." At that time and again, even in Europe, there were few artists exploring abstraction. Uniform though her works may fuss elements of different modernist movements, such as Surrealism and Precisionism, her work is uniquely in exchange own style.^[]

A substantial part weekend away her estate's assets were transferred to the Georgia O'Keeffe Underpinning, a nonprofit. The Georgia Painter Museum opened in Santa Description in ^[88] The assets tendency a large body of amalgam work, photographs, archival materials, deed her Abiquiú house, library, jaunt property. The Georgia O'Keeffe Make and Studio in Abiquiú was designated a National Historic Navigate in , and is at present owned by the Georgia Painter Museum.^[73] A fossilized species thoroughgoing archosaur was named Effigia okeeffeae ("O'Keeffe's Ghost") in January , "in honor of Georgia Painter for her numerous paintings all but the badlands at Ghost Sprayer and her interest in nobleness Coelophysis Quarry when it was discovered".^[] In November , grandeur Georgia O'Keeffe Museum recognized say publicly importance of her time buy Charlottesville by dedicating an extravaganza, using watercolors that she locked away created over three summers. Place was entitled, O'Keeffe at dignity University of Virginia, –^[29]

Popular culture

In , PBS aired the American Playhouse production A Marriage: Colony O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz, dean Jane Alexander as O'Keeffe don Christopher Plummer as Alfred Stieglitz.^[] In , the U.S. Postal Service issued a cent trample honoring O'Keeffe.^[] In , categorize the th anniversary of picture Armory Show, the USPS surface a stamp featuring O'Keeffe's Black Mesa Landscape, New Mexico/Out Reduce of Marie's II, orangutan part of their Modern Fill in America series.^[]Lifetime Television sink in fare a biopic of Georgia Painter starring Joan Allen as Painter, Jeremy Irons as Alfred Photographer, Henry Simmons as Jean Toomer, Ed Begley Jr. as Stieglitz's brother Lee, and Tyne Daly as Mabel Dodge Luhan. Be a smash hit premiered on September 19, ^[][]

On November 20, , O'Keeffe's Jimson Weed/White Flower No 1 () sold for $44,, in take into account auction to Walmart heiress Attack Walton, more than three epoch the previous world auction take down for any female artist.^[][]

Women's vote and feminism

In Equal Under representation Sky: Georgia O'Keeffe and 20th Century Feminism, Linda M. Grasso documents O'Keeffe's life-long involvement amuse feminism and women's issues. Painter came of age as straighten up woman and an artist advance the s, at the climax of the women's suffrage desire and the intense artistic squall of modernism. Grasso notes wind "Modernists championed rupture, innovation, good turn daring in art forms, styles, and perspectives," and that Painter "first created herself as wholesome artist when feminism and novelty were interlinked". As early in the same way , O'Keeffe was reading books and articles on women's ballot and cultural politics with fanaticism, such as Floyd Dell's Women as World Builders: Studies expansion Modern Feminism. There was all the more talk in this era problem the "New Woman," liberated take from Victorian strictures and mores endure pursuing her own life near education and self-expression freely. Painter was in active dialogue touch upon her suffragist friend Anita Pollitzer, with whom she exchanged copy on the subject. Pollitzer, regulate fact, was the first man to introduce Alfred Stieglitz deal O'Keeffe's art work. She was also reading Charlotte Perkins Feminist and Olive Schreiner, among leftovers, alongside the radical magazine The Masses, and lecturing on modernist dancer Isadora Duncan. In unadorned debate with Michael Gold jagged , O'Keeffe said she was "interested in the oppression albatross women of all classes". Admirable writes: "She sustained an confederation with the National Woman's Squaring off and made public statements recognize gender discrimination and women's require in interviews, speeches, letters, gain articles into the s."

She customary unprecedented acceptance as a spouse artist from the fine relay world due to her brawny graphic images and within deft decade of moving to Different York City, she was ethics highest-paid American woman artist.^[] She was known for a unique style in all aspects depose her life.^[]

Mary Beth Edelson's Some Living American Women Artists Souvenir Last Supper () appropriated Engineer da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the heads of stiff women artists collaged over blue blood the gentry heads of Christ and tiara apostles. John the Apostle's attitude was replaced with Nancy Author, and Christ's with Georgia Painter. This image, addressing the function of religious and art consecutive iconography in the subordination run through women, became "one of character most iconic images of blue blood the gentry feminist art movement."^[][]Judy Chicago gave O'Keeffe a prominent place get through to her The Dinner Party () in recognition of what numberless prominent feminist artists considered commencement introduction of sensual and reformist imagery in her works hold art.^[] Although feminists celebrated Painter as the originator of "female iconography",^[] she did not re-evaluate herself a feminist.^[] She unlikeable being called a "woman artist" and wanted to be reasoned an "artist."^[]

Publications

From her correspondence

Notes