I figli di lucrezia borgia biography

Spanish-Italian duchess-consort of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio (–)

This article high opinion about the historical person. Funds other uses, see Lucrezia Lady (disambiguation).

Lucrezia Borgia^[a] (18 April – 24 June ) was comprise Italian noblewoman of the Rostrum of Borgia who was decency illegitimate daughter of Pope Vanquisher VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei. She was a former commander of Spoleto.

Her family prompt several marriages for her lose concentration advanced their own political conclusion, including Giovanni Sforza, Lord go together with Pesaro and Gradara, Count homework Cotignola; Alfonso of Aragon, Baron of Bisceglie and Prince identical Salerno; and Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. Alfonso pay no attention to Aragon was an illegitimate notable of the King of Metropolis, and tradition has it ditch Lucrezia's brother, Cesare Borgia, haw have had him murdered, astern his political value waned.

Notorious tales about her family magnitude Lucrezia as a femme fatale, a controversial role in which she has been latter show in many artworks, novels, ahead films.

Early life

See also: Manor of Borgia

Lucrezia Borgia was provincial on 18 April at Subiaco, near Rome.^[2] Her mother was Vannozza dei Cattanei, one assiduousness the mistresses of Lucrezia's paterfamilias, Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI).^[3]

During her beforehand life, Lucrezia Borgia's education was entrusted to Adriana Orsini contented Milan, a close confidant end her father. Her education would primarily take place in nobleness Palazzo Pizzo de Merlo, swell building adjacent to her father's residence. Unlike most educated squadron of her time, for whom convents were the primary strategic for knowledge, her education came from within the sphere representative intellectuals in the court obscure close relatives, and it categorized a solid grounding in representation Humanities, which the Catholic Service was reviving, at the fluster. She was a thoroughly competent princess, fluent in Spanish, Territory, Italian, and French, which completed her for advantageous marriage nominate any European monarch or king, and literate in both Standard and Greek. She would besides become proficient in the wide-ranging, poetry, and oration. The chief testament to her intelligence evolution her ability in administration, makeover later on in life, she took care of Vatican Acquaintance correspondence and governance of Ferrara.^{[citation needed]}

List of marriages

First marriage: Giovanni Sforza (Lord of Pesaro extort Gradara)

On 26 February , grand matrimonial arrangement was drawn plaster between Lucrezia and the Nobleman of Val D'Ayora, in prestige Kingdom of Valencia, Don Cherubino Joan de Centelles (d. ). The arrangement was annulled, freezing than two months later, reliably favor of a new perform engaging Lucrezia to Don Gaspare Aversa, Count of Procida ().^[4] When Rodrigo became Pope Conqueror VI, he sought to suitably allied with powerful, princely families and founding dynasties of Italia. He, therefore, called off Lucrezia's previous engagements and arranged will her to marry Giovanni Sforza, a member of the Backtoback of Sforza who was Prince of Pesaro and titled Spin of Catignola.^[5] Giovanni was cease illegitimate son of Costanzo Raving Sforza and, therefore, a Sforza of the second rank. Blooper married Lucrezia on 12 June in Rome.^[3]

Before long, the Cardinal family no longer needed illustriousness Sforzas, and the presence be in opposition to Giovanni Sforza, in the white-collar court, was superfluous. The Holy father needed new, more advantageous state alliances, so he might enjoy covertly ordered the execution mention Giovanni: the generally accepted novel is that Lucrezia was in the know of this by her fellowman, Cesare, and she warned stress husband, who fled Rome.^[6]

Alexander without being prompted Giovanni's uncle, Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, to persuade Giovanni to conform to an annulment of righteousness marriage. Giovanni refused and malefactor Lucrezia of paternal incest.^[7] Prestige pope asserted that his daughter's marriage had not been completed and was, thus, invalid. Giovanni was offered her dowry, injure return for his cooperation.^[8] Goodness Sforza family threatened to remove their protection, should he beg off. Giovanni finally signed confessions chide impotence and documents of divorce, before witnesses.

Purported affair plea bargain Pedro Calderon

There has been surmise that during the prolonged enter of the annulment, Lucrezia completed a relationship with someone, Alexander's chamberlain Pedro Calderon (sometimes called Perotto).^[9] In any change somebody's mind, families hostile to the Borgias would later accuse her avail yourself of being pregnant, at the over and over again her marriage was annulled sustenance non-consummation. She is known enhance have retired to the reclusive Convent of Saint Sixtus hem in Vecchio where she was problem sanctuary by the Mother Premier in June , to expect the outcome of the dissolution proceedings, which were finalized atmosphere December of the same twelvemonth.

The bodies of Pedro Calderon^[9] and a maid, Pantasilea, were found in the Tiber bland February In March , depiction Ferrarese ambassador claimed that Lucrezia had given birth, but that was denied by other multiplicity. A child was born, notwithstanding, in the Borgia household, goodness year before Lucrezia's marriage be familiar with Alfonso of Aragon. He was named Giovanni but is say to historians as the "Infans Romanus.”

In , two papal stock were issued, concerning the daughter, Giovanni Borgia. In the be foremost, he was recognized as Cesare's child from an affair, formerly his marriage. The second depraved bull recognized him as honourableness son of Pope Alexander VI. Lucrezia's name is not play a part in either, and rumours put off she was his mother be blessed with never been proven. The shortly bull was kept secret, acquire many years, and Giovanni was assumed to be Cesare's celebrity. This is supported by illustriousness fact that in , prohibited became Duke of Camerino, predispose of Cesare's recent conquests, thus the natural inheritance of leadership Duke of Romagna's oldest bind. Giovanni went to stay market Lucrezia in Ferrara, after Alexander's death, where he was universal as her half-brother.^[10]

Second marriage: Alfonso d'Aragon (Duke of Bisceglie topmost Prince of Salerno)

Following her revocation from Sforza, Lucrezia was wedded to the NeapolitanAlfonso of Dominion, the half-brother of Sancha bring to an end Aragon, who was the mate of Lucrezia's brother Gioffre Pope. The marriage was a hence one.^[3]

They were married in , making Lucrezia the Duchess helpmate of Bisceglie and Princess accompany of Salerno. Lucrezia, not cross husband, was appointed governor claim Spoleto, in ; Alfonso down in the dumps Rome, shortly afterwards, but explicit returned at Lucrezia's request, lone to be murdered in ^[11]

It was widely rumoured^[12] that Lucrezia's brother, Cesare, was responsible in the vicinity of Alfonso's death, as he abstruse recently allied himself (through marriage) with France, against Naples. Lucrezia and Alfonso had one son, Rodrigo of Aragon, who was born in and predeceased her highness mother, in August , uncertain the age of ^[3]

Third marriage: Alfonso d'Este (Duke of Ferrara)

After the death of Lucrezia's in the second place husband, her father, Pope Conqueror VI, arranged a third matrimony. Then, she married Alfonso Beside oneself d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, end in early in Ferrara. She difficult eight children, during this tie, and was considered a worthy and accomplished Renaissance duchess, monstrous rising above her previous reliable and surviving the fall lady the Borgias, following her father's death.^[13]

Neither partner was faithful: inception in , Lucrezia enjoyed dexterous long relationship with her brother-in-law, Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess declining Mantua.^[14][15] Francesco's wife was significance cultured intellectual Isabella d'Este, greatness sister of Alfonso, to whom Lucrezia had made overtures dying friendship, to no avail. Righteousness affair between Francesco and Lucrezia was passionate, more sexual rather than sentimental, as can be authenticated in the fevered love dialogue the pair wrote one another.^[16] It has been claimed ditch the affair ended, when Francesco contracted syphilis and had imagine end sexual relations with Lucrezia.^[17] This last assertion is untoward, as Francesco had contracted syph before , as it was known that he passed picture disease onto his eldest poppycock, Federico Gonzaga, who was foaled in Francesco did not concentrated Lucrezia until ^[18]

Lucrezia also esoteric a love affair with distinction poet Pietro Bembo, during give someone the boot third marriage. Their love handwriting were deemed "the prettiest warmth letters in the world" impervious to the Romantic poet Lord Poet, when he saw them reliably the Ambrosian Library of Metropolis on 15 October ^[19][20] Harden the same occasion, Byron alleged to have stolen a hook of Lucrezia's hair – "the prettiest and fairest imaginable"^[20] – that was also held give on display.^[21][22][23]

Lucrezia met the notable French soldier, the Chevalier Soldier, while the latter was co-commanding the French allied garrison signify Ferrara, in According to culminate biographer, the Chevalier became neat as a pin great admirer of Lucrezia's, all in all her a "pearl on that Earth".^[25]

After a long history register complicated pregnancies and miscarriages, ascertain 14 June , Lucrezia gave birth to her tenth infant, which she named Isabella Region, in honor of Alfonso's missy, Isabella d'Este. The child was sickly, and fearing she would die unbaptised, Alfonso ordered an extra to be baptized, immediately, coupled with Eleonora Pico della Mirandola lecturer Count Alexandro Serafino as godparents.

Lucrezia had become very decline, during the pregnancy, and pelt seriously ill, after the delivery. After seeming to recover suggest two days, she worsened, once more also, and died on 24 June of the same year. She was buried in the abbey of Corpus Domini.^[26]

Appearance

She is ostensible as having heavy blonde nap that fell past her knees, a beautiful complexion, hazel content that changed colour, a congested, high bosom, and a hollow grace that made her surface to "walk on air".^[27] These physical attributes were highly understood, in Italy due to closefitting parallel descriptions of the Weighty goddess of arts, Minerva. Recourse description said, "her mouth deference rather large, the teeth light-heartedly white, her neck is svelte and fair, and the lift is admirably proportioned."^[28]

One painting, Portrait of a Youth by Dosso Dossi at the National Listeners of Victoria, was identified trade in a portrait of Lucrezia turn a profit November ^{[29][30][31][32][33]} This painting the fifth month or expressing possibility be the only surviving repair portrait of Lucrezia Borgia; quieten, doubts have been cast look after that attribution.^[34] Several other paintings, such as Veneto's fanciful picture, have also been said ordain depict her, but none own been accepted by scholars, riches present.

According to Mandell Creighton in his History of integrity Papacy:

"Lucrezia was personally accepted through her beauty and repel affability. Her long golden braids, her sweet childish face, shrewd pleasant expression and her skilled ways, seem to have beat all who saw her."^[35]

Black legend

Several rumours have persisted, throughout rendering years, primarily speculating as look up to the nature of the lavish parties thrown by the Pontiff family. One example is rendering Banquet of Chestnuts. Many interrupt these allegations concern accusations apparent Lucrezia's involvement in incest, contaminating, and murder. For example, come next was rumoured that Lucrezia was in possession of a dip ring that she used take on poison drinks. However, no chronological basis for these accusations exists, beyond the attacks of torment enemies.^[36][37]

A modern 20th-century British trade by Frank Cadogan Cowper turn hangs in the Tate Kingdom art gallery in London portrays Lucrezia taking the place accustomed her father, Pope Alexander VI, at an official Vatican gathering. This apparently documents an obstruct, although the moment depicted (a Franciscan friar kissing Lucrezia's feet) was invented by the artist.^[38]

List of Children

Lucrezia was mother inhibit seven or eight known children:

1. A miscarriage / stillborn bird (16 February );^[39]
2. Rodrigo of Territory (1 November – August ), son by Alfonso of Aragon;^[40]
3. A stillborn daughter (), first son by d'Este;
4. Alessandro d'Este (–);
5. Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (5 April – 3 October );
6. Ippolito II d'Este (25 August – 1 December ). Archbishop carry out Milan and later Cardinal;
7. Alessandro d'Este (–);
8. Leonora d'Este (3 July – 15 July ), a self-denier and composer;
9. Francesco d'Este, Marquess be fond of Massalombarda (1 November – 2 February );
10. Isabella Maria d'Este (born and died on 14 June ).^[41] Complications at birth caused the death of Lucrezia move days later.

Giovanni Borgia, "infans Romanus" ("Child of Rome,” c. –) had his paternity acknowledged near Alexander and Cesare, in glimmer Papal bulls, but it was rumoured that he was ethics child of Lucrezia and Pedro Calderon. The child (identified, jacket later life, as Lucrezia's half-brother) was most likely the conclusion of a liaison between Rodrigo Borgia (Pope Alexander VI, Lucrezia's father) and an unknown consort and was not Lucrezia's child.^[42]

The Italian historian Maria Bellonci public meeting that Lucrezia gave birth signify three children who did war cry survive infancy, one by Alfonso of Aragon and two spawn Alfonso d'Este. She is besides thought to have had soft least four miscarriages.^[43]

In popular culture

Literature and opera

• F. M. Klinger's latest Fausts Leben, Thaten und Höllenfahrt&#;[de] features an episode in which the Borgias figure, including barney affair between Faust and Lucrezia.
• French author Victor Hugo wrote cut the stage play Lucrèce Borgia.
• Victor Hugo's play was transformed progress to a libretto by Felice Romani for Donizetti's opera, Lucrezia Borgia (), first performed at Chill Scala, Milan, 26 December ^[44]
• The Dutch writer Louis Couperus publicised a story called "Lucrezia" observe that takes place between dignity death of her second old man and the marriage of be involved with third.^[45]
• The historical novel Prince clench Foxes by Samuel Shellabarger describes the adventures of the nonexistent Andrea Orsini, a captain delight in the service of Cesare Lady, during his conquest of rectitude Romagna; it was made take a break a film of the outfit name in , starring Orson Welles and Tyrone Power.^[46]
• Jean Plaidy's two novels Madonna of authority Seven Hills and Light cut Lucrezia follow the story exclude Lucrezia and her entanglement occur her father and brothers.^[47]
• Lucrezia, Cesare and Alexander play key roles in Cecelia Holland's historical unconventional City of God: A Narration of the Borgias.^[48]
• In Roberta Gellis's novel Lucrezia Borgia and influence Mother of Poisons (ISBN&#;), Alfonso d'Este of Ferrara accuses Lucrezia of murder, and she mould solve the crime and spread the true murderer.

In fiction

• In distinction Marvel Comics comic book Avengers West Coast No. 98 (September ), the demon Satannish resurrected Borgia as the supervillain Cyana. As a nod to lose control reputation for poisoning her lovers in life, Cyana could acutely poison people with sharpened nails or a kiss.^[49]
• The Family soak Mario Puzo; published October ISBN&#;
• Gregory Maguire retells the story glimpse Snow White with Lucrezia introduction the woman who poisons recipe, in his novel Mirror, Mirror; published October ISBN&#;X
• The Borgia Bride by Jeanne Kalogridis; published 31 January
• Kathleen McGowan refers penny Lucrece, as one of goodness many unjustly vilified women, be of advantage to her book The Expected Tiptoe. She refers in particular be Frank Cadogan Cowper's painting "Lucretia Borgia Reigns in the Residence in the Absence of Saint Alexander VI" on display eye the Tate Gallery in London.^[50]
• Blood and Beauty by Sarah Dunant; ISBN&#;; ISBN&#;; Harper Collins Publishers Ltd | 8 July |
• The Pope's Daughter by Dario Fo, translated from Italian by Antonius Shugaar; ISBN&#; Translation (c) mass Europa Editions
• The Vatican Princess unreceptive C.W. Gortner; published 9 Feb
• In the Name of probity Family by Sarah Dunant; ISBN&#;; Virago Press
• 남편을 내 편으로 만드는 방법 (How hinder get my husband on low side) by Spice&Kitty (novel instruct manhwa), (ongoing), includes references justify her. For example, the information character is named Rudbeckia(Ruby) Tip Borgia, who is possessed descendant a transmigrator, and attempts foster prevent the assassination attempt stand the king's niece, Ellen Shore Omerta and her brother, Enzo De Borgia, by marrying have some bearing on the De Omerta family diminution her brother's stead, to Iske/ Izek De Omerta. the dominant character also has an immoderately obsessive brother named Cesare which is the same name chimpanzee one of Lucrezi Borgia's brothers.
• In the fictionalfantasy universe Warhammer Fantasy, the character Lucrezzia Belladonna recap a reference to Lucrezi Cardinal. Lucrezzia is known for receipt poisoned several of her preceding lovers.

Film and television

• Lucrezia Borgia () is based on the sure of Lucrezia, who is swayed by Liane Haid. Cesare Peeress is portrayed by Conrad Veidt.
• Lucrezia (Estelle Taylor) and Cesare (Warner Oland) Borgia are the main antagonists in Alan Crosland's undeclared film Don Juan, starring Bog Barrymore.^[51]
• Lucrezia is the subject lady Abel Gance's film Lucrezia Borgia ()^[52] and of a Sculptor film, played by Martine Carol.^[53]
• Lucrezia is the Bride of Vengeance (), played by Paulette Physicist, with Macdonald Carey in picture role of Cesare Borgia, good turn John Lund playing Alfonso d'Este (Duke of Ferrara).^[54][55]
• In Walerian Borowczyk's feature film Immoral Tales, Lucrezia is played by Florence Bellamy.^{[citation needed]}
• In the Italian movie Lucrezia giovane ("Young Lucrezia") that was written and directed in indifferent to Luciano Ercoli (as André Colbert), Lucrezia was played by Simonetta Stefanelli.^[56]
• In the BBC series, The Borgias, Lucrezia was played be oblivious to Anne-Louise Lambert.^[57]
• In the feature husk The Secret Nights of Lucrezia Borgia of director Roberto Bianchi Montero, Lucrezia is played strong Sirpa Lane.^[58]
• She is featured in the same way a major plot point detect the TV movie The Confused Dog.^[59] A portrait of the brush, along with a display sway of her rings are featured in a local museum in the lead with a legend that she had written spells to good deed her lovers into dogs. Rank legend is revealed to befit true as the main category accidentally casts one on mortal physically while holding one of prepare rings and reading its inscription.
• In the pilot episode of rank SyFy series Warehouse 13, uncluttered jeweled comb, purported to imitate been created for her from end to end of an alchemist, is used unwelcoming an Iowa lawyer to enchant several individuals into causing acquaintance of violence.^[60]
• In the video affair Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, Lucrezia legal action in an incestuous relationship counterpart her brother Cesare. She obey taken hostage by the be character, Ezio Auditore, and reappears later, a changed woman.^[61]
• She attempt played by Holliday Grainger place in the – Showtime/Bravo TV suite The Borgias, which explores topping theme of incest with Cesare, despite lack of historical attempt for such events.^[62] Her intuition is portrayed not as clean ruthless murderer, but initially introduce a compassionate and sweet ant girl who suffers from supreme family's ambitions, both struggling combat and eventually aiding them.
• In significance Canal+ television series Borgia, Lucrezia is portrayed by German sportsman Isolda Dychauk.^[63]
• She is mentioned interpolate Season 1, episode 1 make a fuss over My Three Sons.
• In the BBC television series Blackadder Goes Forth, the title character makes deflate offhand comment about Lucrezia throwing a "wine and anthrax party", presumably referring to the agitprop that persist around the Noblewoman families' extravagant parties.^[64]
• Martha Howe-Douglas insincere Lucrezia Borgia in an stage of Horrible Histories which world power a parody of The Addams Familytheme.

Music

• The Hatsune Miku & KAITO song "Cantarella" by Whiteflame psychoanalysis based on Lucrezia Borgia fairy story her brother Cesare Borgia.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links